CI: Fix golangci-lint linter issues, add prealloc linter and bump version depends for Go 1.18 (#915)

* Bump CI versions * Specifically set go version as 1.17.x bumps it to 1.18 * Another * Adjust AppVeyor * Part 1 of linter issues * Part 2 * Fix various linters and improvements * Part 3 * Finishing touches * Tests and EqualFold * Fix nitterinos plus bonus requester jobs bump for exchanges with large number of tests * Fix nitterinos and bump golangci-lint timeout for AppVeyor * Address nits, ensure all books are returned on err due to syncer regression * Fix the wiggins * Fix duplication * Fix nitterinos
2026-05-20 07:26:46 +00:00 · 2022-04-20 13:45:15 +10:00
parent c48e5ea90a
commit 9a4eb9de84
216 changed files with 3493 additions and 2424 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -28,13 +28,15 @@ environment:
  PSQL_SSLMODE: disable
  PSQL_SKIPSQLCMD: true
  PSQL_TESTDBNAME: gct_dev_ci
-stack: go 1.17.x
+  
+stack: go 1.17.8 # this is not actually used on Windows images

 services:
  - postgresql96

 init:
-  - SET PATH=%POSTGRES_PATH%\bin;%PATH%
+  - set PATH=%POSTGRES_PATH%\bin;%PATH%
+  - set PATH=C:\go118\bin;%PATH%

 install:
  - set Path=C:\mingw-w64\x86_64-8.1.0-posix-seh-rt_v6-rev0\mingw64\bin;%Path%
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ before_test:

 test_script:
  # test back-end
-  - go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@v1.42.1
+  - go install github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@v1.45.2
  - '%GOPATH%\bin\golangci-lint.exe run --verbose'
  - ps: >-
      if($env:APPVEYOR_SCHEDULED_BUILD -eq 'true') {
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
+- package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+  directory: "/"
+  schedule:
+    interval: "weekly"
 - package-ecosystem: gomod
  directory: "/"
  schedule:
-    interval: daily
-    time: "19:30"
+    interval: "weekly"
  open-pull-requests-limit: 10
 - package-ecosystem: npm
  directory: "/web"
@@ -12,4 +15,3 @@ updates:
    interval: "weekly"
  # deprecated for now as it requires a more in-depth overhaul
  open-pull-requests-limit: 0
-
--- a/.github/workflows/linter.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linter.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ jobs:
    name: lint
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v3
        with:
-          version: v1.42.1
+          go-version: '1.18.x'
+      - name: golangci-lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3
+        with:
+          version: v1.45.2
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 on: [push, pull_request]
 name: CI
 env:
-  GO_VERSION: 1.17.x
+  GO_VERSION: 1.18.x
 jobs:
  backend-psql:
    name: GoCryptoTrader back-end with PSQL
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 run:
-  timeout: 6m
+  timeout: 8m
  issues-exit-code: 1
  tests: true
  skip-dirs:
    - vendor
    - web/
    - testdata
+    - database/models/

 linters:
  disable-all: true
@@ -24,12 +25,17 @@ linters:

 # disabled by default linters
    - asciicheck
+    - bidichk
    - bodyclose
+    - containedctx
+#   - contextcheck
 #   - cyclop
+    - decorder
    - depguard
    - dogsled
 #   - dupl
    - durationcheck
+    - errchkjson
    - errname
 #   - errorlint
 #   - exhaustive
@@ -58,10 +64,13 @@ linters:
    - gomodguard
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
+    - grouper
    - ifshort
 #   - importas
 #   - interfacer // deprecated by its owner
+#   - ireturn
 #   - lll 
+#   - maintidx
    - makezero
 #   - maligned
    - misspell
@@ -72,7 +81,7 @@ linters:
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
 #   - paralleltest
-#   - prealloc
+    - prealloc
    - predeclared
 #   - promlinter
    - revive
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.17 as build
+FROM golang:1.18 as build
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader
 COPY . .
 RUN GO111MODULE=on go mod vendor
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 LDFLAGS = -ldflags "-w -s"
 GCTPKG = github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader
-LINTPKG = github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@v1.42.1
+LINTPKG = github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/cmd/golangci-lint@v1.45.2
 LINTBIN = $(GOPATH)/bin/golangci-lint
 GCTLISTENPORT=9050
 GCTPROFILERLISTENPORT=8085
--- a/backtester/backtest/backtest.go
+++ b/backtester/backtest/backtest.go
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ func (bt *BackTest) loadData(cfg *config.Config, exch gctexchange.IBotExchange,
 		if cfg.DataSettings.DatabaseData.Path == "" {
 			cfg.DataSettings.DatabaseData.Path = filepath.Join(gctcommon.GetDefaultDataDir(runtime.GOOS), "database")
 		}
-		gctdatabase.DB.DataPath = filepath.Join(cfg.DataSettings.DatabaseData.Path)
+		gctdatabase.DB.DataPath = cfg.DataSettings.DatabaseData.Path
 		err = gctdatabase.DB.SetConfig(&cfg.DataSettings.DatabaseData.Config)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
--- a/backtester/config/config.go
+++ b/backtester/config/config.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/shopspring/decimal"
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func ReadConfigFromFile(path string) (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("file not found")
 	}

-	fileData, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+	fileData, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/backtester/config/config_test.go
+++ b/backtester/config/config_test.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/backtester/common"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/base"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/top2bottom2"
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/currency"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database/drivers"
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCAAPICandles(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCAAPICandlesExchangeLevelFunding(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-exchange-level-funding.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-exchange-level-funding.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCAAPITrades(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-trades.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-trades.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCAAPICandlesMultipleCurrencies(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-multiple-currencies.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-multiple-currencies.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCAAPICandlesSimultaneousProcessing(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-simultaneous-processing.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-api-candles-simultaneous-processing.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -566,7 +567,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCALiveCandles(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-candles-live.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-candles-live.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -645,7 +646,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForRSIAPICustomSettings(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "rsi-api-candles.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "rsi-api-candles.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -704,7 +705,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCACSVCandles(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-csv-candles.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-csv-candles.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -759,7 +760,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCACSVTrades(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-csv-trades.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-csv-trades.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -827,7 +828,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForDCADatabaseCandles(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-database-candles.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "dca-database-candles.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -956,7 +957,7 @@ func TestGenerateConfigForTop2Bottom2(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "t2b2-api-candles-exchange-funding.strat"), result, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(p, "examples", "t2b2-api-candles-exchange-funding.strat"), result, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
--- a/backtester/config/configbuilder/main.go
+++ b/backtester/config/configbuilder/main.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/backtester/config"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies"
 	gctcommon "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common"
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database"
 	dbPSQL "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database/drivers/postgres"
 	dbsqlite3 "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database/drivers/sqlite3"
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func main() {
 		if path == "" {
 			path = wd
 		}
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(path, resp, 0770)
+		err = os.WriteFile(path, resp, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ func parseExchangeSettings(reader *bufio.Reader, cfg *config.Config) error {
 func parseStrategySettings(cfg *config.Config, reader *bufio.Reader) error {
 	fmt.Println("Firstly, please select which strategy you wish to use")
 	strats := strategies.GetStrategies()
-	var strategiesToUse []string
+	strategiesToUse := make([]string, len(strats))
 	for i := range strats {
 		fmt.Printf("%v. %s\n", i+1, strats[i].Name())
-		strategiesToUse = append(strategiesToUse, strats[i].Name())
+		strategiesToUse[i] = strats[i].Name()
 	}
 	var err error
 	cfg.StrategySettings.Name, err = parseStratName(quickParse(reader), strategiesToUse)
--- a/backtester/data/kline/kline.go
+++ b/backtester/data/kline/kline.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (d *DataFromKline) AppendResults(ki *gctkline.Item) {
 	if d.addedTimes == nil {
 		d.addedTimes = make(map[time.Time]bool)
 	}
-	var klineData []common.DataEventHandler
+
 	var gctCandles []gctkline.Candle
 	for i := range ki.Candles {
 		if _, ok := d.addedTimes[ki.Candles[i].Time]; !ok {
@@ -66,10 +66,11 @@ func (d *DataFromKline) AppendResults(ki *gctkline.Item) {
 			d.addedTimes[ki.Candles[i].Time] = true
 		}
 	}
-	var candleTimes []time.Time

+	klineData := make([]common.DataEventHandler, len(gctCandles))
+	candleTimes := make([]time.Time, len(gctCandles))
 	for i := range gctCandles {
-		klineData = append(klineData, &kline.Kline{
+		klineData[i] = &kline.Kline{
 			Base: event.Base{
 				Offset:       int64(i + 1),
 				Exchange:     ki.Exchange,
@@ -84,8 +85,8 @@ func (d *DataFromKline) AppendResults(ki *gctkline.Item) {
 			Close:            decimal.NewFromFloat(gctCandles[i].Close),
 			Volume:           decimal.NewFromFloat(gctCandles[i].Volume),
 			ValidationIssues: gctCandles[i].ValidationIssues,
-		})
-		candleTimes = append(candleTimes, gctCandles[i].Time)
+		}
+		candleTimes[i] = gctCandles[i].Time
 	}
 	for i := range d.RangeHolder.Ranges {
 		for j := range d.RangeHolder.Ranges[i].Intervals {
--- a/backtester/data/kline/kline_test.go
+++ b/backtester/data/kline/kline_test.go
@@ -135,8 +135,7 @@ func TestStreamOpen(t *testing.T) {
 	a := asset.Spot
 	p := currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USDT)
 	d := DataFromKline{}
-	bad := d.StreamOpen()
-	if len(bad) > 0 {
+	if bad := d.StreamOpen(); len(bad) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected no stream")
 	}
 	d.SetStream([]common.DataEventHandler{
@@ -156,8 +155,7 @@ func TestStreamOpen(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	d.Next()
-	open := d.StreamOpen()
-	if len(open) == 0 {
+	if open := d.StreamOpen(); len(open) == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected open")
 	}
 }
@@ -168,8 +166,7 @@ func TestStreamVolume(t *testing.T) {
 	a := asset.Spot
 	p := currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USDT)
 	d := DataFromKline{}
-	bad := d.StreamVol()
-	if len(bad) > 0 {
+	if bad := d.StreamVol(); len(bad) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected no stream")
 	}
 	d.SetStream([]common.DataEventHandler{
@@ -189,8 +186,7 @@ func TestStreamVolume(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	d.Next()
-	open := d.StreamVol()
-	if len(open) == 0 {
+	if open := d.StreamVol(); len(open) == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected volume")
 	}
 }
@@ -201,8 +197,7 @@ func TestStreamClose(t *testing.T) {
 	a := asset.Spot
 	p := currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USDT)
 	d := DataFromKline{}
-	bad := d.StreamClose()
-	if len(bad) > 0 {
+	if bad := d.StreamClose(); len(bad) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected no stream")
 	}
 	d.SetStream([]common.DataEventHandler{
@@ -222,8 +217,7 @@ func TestStreamClose(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	d.Next()
-	open := d.StreamClose()
-	if len(open) == 0 {
+	if open := d.StreamClose(); len(open) == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected close")
 	}
 }
@@ -234,8 +228,7 @@ func TestStreamHigh(t *testing.T) {
 	a := asset.Spot
 	p := currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USDT)
 	d := DataFromKline{}
-	bad := d.StreamHigh()
-	if len(bad) > 0 {
+	if bad := d.StreamHigh(); len(bad) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected no stream")
 	}
 	d.SetStream([]common.DataEventHandler{
@@ -255,8 +248,7 @@ func TestStreamHigh(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	d.Next()
-	open := d.StreamHigh()
-	if len(open) == 0 {
+	if open := d.StreamHigh(); len(open) == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected high")
 	}
 }
@@ -269,8 +261,7 @@ func TestStreamLow(t *testing.T) {
 	d := DataFromKline{
 		RangeHolder: &gctkline.IntervalRangeHolder{},
 	}
-	bad := d.StreamLow()
-	if len(bad) > 0 {
+	if bad := d.StreamLow(); len(bad) > 0 {
 		t.Error("expected no stream")
 	}
 	d.SetStream([]common.DataEventHandler{
@@ -290,8 +281,7 @@ func TestStreamLow(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	d.Next()
-	open := d.StreamLow()
-	if len(open) == 0 {
+	if open := d.StreamLow(); len(open) == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected low")
 	}
 }
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/exchange/exchange.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/exchange/exchange.go
@@ -229,12 +229,11 @@ func (e *Exchange) placeOrder(ctx context.Context, price, amount decimal.Decimal
 		return "", err
 	}
 	var orderID string
-	p, _ := price.Float64()
-	a, _ := amount.Float64()
-	fee, _ := f.ExchangeFee.Float64()
+	p := price.InexactFloat64()
+	fee := f.ExchangeFee.InexactFloat64()
 	o := &gctorder.Submit{
 		Price:       p,
-		Amount:      a,
+		Amount:      amount.InexactFloat64(),
 		Fee:         fee,
 		Exchange:    f.Exchange,
 		ID:          u.String(),
@@ -255,11 +254,10 @@ func (e *Exchange) placeOrder(ctx context.Context, price, amount decimal.Decimal
 			return orderID, err
 		}
 	} else {
-		rate, _ := f.Amount.Float64()
 		submitResponse := gctorder.SubmitResponse{
 			IsOrderPlaced: true,
 			OrderID:       u.String(),
-			Rate:          rate,
+			Rate:          f.Amount.InexactFloat64(),
 			Fee:           fee,
 			Cost:          p,
 			FullyMatched:  true,
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/exchange/slippage/slippage.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/exchange/slippage/slippage.go
@@ -32,11 +32,9 @@ func EstimateSlippagePercentage(maximumSlippageRate, minimumSlippageRate decimal
 // CalculateSlippageByOrderbook will analyse a provided orderbook and return the result of attempting to
 // place the order on there
 func CalculateSlippageByOrderbook(ob *orderbook.Base, side gctorder.Side, amountOfFunds, feeRate decimal.Decimal) (price, amount decimal.Decimal) {
-	funds, _ := amountOfFunds.Float64()
-	fee, _ := feeRate.Float64()
-	result := ob.SimulateOrder(funds, side == gctorder.Buy)
+	result := ob.SimulateOrder(amountOfFunds.InexactFloat64(), side == gctorder.Buy)
 	rate := (result.MinimumPrice - result.MaximumPrice) / result.MaximumPrice
 	price = decimal.NewFromFloat(result.MinimumPrice * (rate + 1))
-	amount = decimal.NewFromFloat(result.Amount * (1 - fee))
+	amount = decimal.NewFromFloat(result.Amount * (1 - feeRate.InexactFloat64()))
 	return
 }
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/statistics/currencystatistics.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/statistics/currencystatistics.go
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ func (c *CurrencyPairStatistic) CalculateResults(riskFreeRate decimal.Decimal) e
 	returnsPerCandle := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(c.Events))
 	benchmarkRates := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(c.Events))

-	var allDataEvents []common.DataEventHandler
+	allDataEvents := make([]common.DataEventHandler, len(c.Events))
 	for i := range c.Events {
 		returnsPerCandle[i] = c.Events[i].Holdings.ChangeInTotalValuePercent
-		allDataEvents = append(allDataEvents, c.Events[i].DataEvent)
+		allDataEvents[i] = c.Events[i].DataEvent
 		if i == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/rsi/rsi.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/rsi/rsi.go
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func (s *Strategy) SetDefaults() {
 // the decision to handle missing data occurs at the strategy level, not all strategies
 // may wish to modify data
 func (s *Strategy) massageMissingData(data []decimal.Decimal, t time.Time) ([]float64, error) {
-	var resp []float64
+	resp := make([]float64, len(data))
 	var missingDataStreak int64
 	for i := range data {
 		if data[i].IsZero() && i > int(s.rsiPeriod.IntPart()) {
@@ -174,8 +174,7 @@ func (s *Strategy) massageMissingData(data []decimal.Decimal, t time.Time) ([]fl
 				t.Format(gctcommon.SimpleTimeFormat),
 				base.ErrTooMuchBadData)
 		}
-		d, _ := data[i].Float64()
-		resp = append(resp, d)
+		resp[i] = data[i].InexactFloat64()
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/strategies_test.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/strategies_test.go
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ import (

 func TestGetStrategies(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	resp := GetStrategies()
-	if len(resp) < 2 {
+	if resp := GetStrategies(); len(resp) < 2 {
 		t.Error("expected at least 2 strategies to be loaded")
 	}
 }
--- a/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/top2bottom2/top2bottom2.go
+++ b/backtester/eventhandlers/strategies/top2bottom2/top2bottom2.go
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func (s *Strategy) OnSimultaneousSignals(d []data.Handler, f funding.IFundTransf
 	if len(d) < 4 {
 		return nil, errStrategyCurrencyRequirements
 	}
-	var mfiFundEvents []mfiFundEvent
+	mfiFundEvents := make([]mfiFundEvent, 0, len(d))
 	var resp []signal.Event
 	for i := range d {
 		if d == nil {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func (s *Strategy) SetDefaults() {
 // the decision to handle missing data occurs at the strategy level, not all strategies
 // may wish to modify data
 func (s *Strategy) massageMissingData(data []decimal.Decimal, t time.Time) ([]float64, error) {
-	var resp []float64
+	resp := make([]float64, len(data))
 	var missingDataStreak int64
 	for i := range data {
 		if data[i].IsZero() && i > int(s.mfiPeriod.IntPart()) {
@@ -248,8 +248,7 @@ func (s *Strategy) massageMissingData(data []decimal.Decimal, t time.Time) ([]fl
 				t.Format(gctcommon.SimpleTimeFormat),
 				base.ErrTooMuchBadData)
 		}
-		d, _ := data[i].Float64()
-		resp = append(resp, d)
+		resp[i] = data[i].InexactFloat64()
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
--- a/backtester/eventtypes/event/event_test.go
+++ b/backtester/eventtypes/event/event_test.go
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ func TestEvent_GetTime(t *testing.T) {
 func TestEvent_IsEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	e := &Base{}
-	y := e.IsEvent()
-	if !y {
+	if y := e.IsEvent(); !y {
 		t.Error("it is an event")
 	}
 }
--- a/backtester/funding/funding.go
+++ b/backtester/funding/funding.go
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func (f *FundManager) GenerateReport() *Report {
 		UsingExchangeLevelFunding: f.usingExchangeLevelFunding,
 		DisableUSDTracking:        f.disableUSDTracking,
 	}
-	var items []ReportItem
+	items := make([]ReportItem, len(f.items))
 	for i := range f.items {
 		item := ReportItem{
 			Exchange:     f.items[i].exchange,
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ func (f *FundManager) GenerateReport() *Report {
 			item.PairedWith = f.items[i].pairedWith.currency
 		}

-		items = append(items, item)
+		items[i] = item
 	}
 	report.Items = items
 	return &report
--- a/backtester/report/report.go
+++ b/backtester/report/report.go
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ func (d *Data) GenerateReport() error {
 	d.HoldingsOverTimeChart = d.CreateHoldingsOverTimeChart()

 	tmpl := template.Must(
-		template.ParseFiles(
-			filepath.Join(d.TemplatePath),
-		),
+		template.ParseFiles(d.TemplatePath),
 	)
 	var nickName string
 	if d.Config.Nickname != "" {
@@ -89,31 +87,33 @@ func (d *Data) CreateUSDTotalsChart() []TotalsChart {
 	if d.Statistics.FundingStatistics == nil || d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Report.DisableUSDTracking {
 		return nil
 	}
-	var response []TotalsChart
-	var usdTotalChartPlot []ChartPlot
+
+	usdTotalChartPlot := make([]ChartPlot, len(d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.TotalUSDStatistics.HoldingValues))
 	for i := range d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.TotalUSDStatistics.HoldingValues {
-		usdTotalChartPlot = append(usdTotalChartPlot, ChartPlot{
+		usdTotalChartPlot[i] = ChartPlot{
 			Value:     d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.TotalUSDStatistics.HoldingValues[i].Value.InexactFloat64(),
 			UnixMilli: d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.TotalUSDStatistics.HoldingValues[i].Time.UTC().UnixMilli(),
-		})
+		}
 	}
-	response = append(response, TotalsChart{
+
+	response := make([]TotalsChart, len(d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items)+1)
+	response[0] = TotalsChart{
 		Name:       "Total USD value",
 		DataPoints: usdTotalChartPlot,
-	})
+	}

 	for i := range d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items {
-		var plots []ChartPlot
+		plots := make([]ChartPlot, len(d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots))
 		for j := range d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots {
-			plots = append(plots, ChartPlot{
+			plots[j] = ChartPlot{
 				Value:     d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots[j].USDValue.InexactFloat64(),
 				UnixMilli: d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots[j].Time.UTC().UnixMilli(),
-			})
+			}
 		}
-		response = append(response, TotalsChart{
+		response[i+1] = TotalsChart{
 			Name:       fmt.Sprintf("%v %v %v USD value", d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Exchange, d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Asset, d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Currency),
 			DataPoints: plots,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return response
@@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ func (d *Data) CreateHoldingsOverTimeChart() []TotalsChart {
 	if d.Statistics.FundingStatistics == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	var response []TotalsChart
+	response := make([]TotalsChart, len(d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items))
 	for i := range d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items {
-		var plots []ChartPlot
+		plots := make([]ChartPlot, len(d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots))
 		for j := range d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots {
-			plots = append(plots, ChartPlot{
+			plots[j] = ChartPlot{
 				Value:     d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots[j].Available.InexactFloat64(),
 				UnixMilli: d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Snapshots[j].Time.UTC().UnixMilli(),
-			})
+			}
 		}
-		response = append(response, TotalsChart{
+		response[i] = TotalsChart{
 			Name:       fmt.Sprintf("%v %v %v holdings", d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Exchange, d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Asset, d.Statistics.FundingStatistics.Items[i].ReportItem.Currency),
 			DataPoints: plots,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return response
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func (d *Data) enhanceCandles() error {
 			Asset:     lookup.Asset,
 			Pair:      lookup.Pair,
 			Interval:  lookup.Interval,
-			Watermark: fmt.Sprintf("%v - %v - %v", strings.Title(lookup.Exchange), lookup.Asset.String(), strings.ToUpper(lookup.Pair.String())),
+			Watermark: fmt.Sprintf("%s - %s - %s", strings.Title(lookup.Exchange), lookup.Asset.String(), lookup.Pair.Upper()), // nolint // Title usage
 		}

 		statsForCandles :=
--- a/backtester/report/report_test.go
+++ b/backtester/report/report_test.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func TestGenerateReport(t *testing.T) {
 	d := Data{
 		Config:       &config.Config{},
 		OutputPath:   filepath.Join("..", "results"),
-		TemplatePath: filepath.Join("tpl.gohtml"),
+		TemplatePath: "tpl.gohtml",
 		OriginalCandles: []*gctkline.Item{
 			{
 				Candles: []gctkline.Candle{
--- a/cmd/apichecker/apicheck.go
+++ b/cmd/apichecker/apicheck.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/crypto"
+	gctfile "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	exchange "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges/request"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/log"
@@ -304,9 +305,9 @@ func checkExistingExchanges(exchName string) bool {

 // checkMissingExchanges checks if any supported exchanges are missing api checker functionality
 func checkMissingExchanges() []string {
-	var tempArray []string
+	tempArray := make([]string, len(usageData.Exchanges))
 	for x := range usageData.Exchanges {
-		tempArray = append(tempArray, usageData.Exchanges[x].Name)
+		tempArray[x] = usageData.Exchanges[x].Name
 	}
 	supportedExchs := exchange.Exchanges
 	for z := 0; z < len(supportedExchs); {
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ func checkMissingExchanges() []string {
 // readFileData reads the file data from the given json file
 func readFileData(fileName string) (Config, error) {
 	var c Config
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fileName)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(fileName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return c, err
 	}
@@ -448,7 +449,7 @@ func checkUpdates(fileName string) error {
 	unsup := checkMissingExchanges()
 	log.Warnf(log.Global, "The following exchanges are not supported by apichecker: %v\n", unsup)
 	log.Debugf(log.Global, "Saving the updates to the following file: %s\n", fileName)
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(fileName, file, 0770)
+	return os.WriteFile(fileName, file, gctfile.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // checkChangeLog checks the exchanges which support changelog updates.json
@@ -559,9 +560,9 @@ func addExch(exchName, checkType string, data interface{}, isUpdate bool) error
 				return err
 			}
 		}
-		return ioutil.WriteFile(jsonFile, file, 0770)
+		return os.WriteFile(jsonFile, file, gctfile.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 	}
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(testJSONFile, file, 0770)
+	return os.WriteFile(testJSONFile, file, gctfile.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // fillData fills exchange data based on the given checkType
@@ -749,7 +750,7 @@ func htmlScrapeHitBTC(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()

-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -784,7 +785,7 @@ func htmlScrapeBTCMarkets(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()
-	tempData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	tempData, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return resp, err
 	}
@@ -862,7 +863,7 @@ func htmlScrapeANX(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()

-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -901,7 +902,7 @@ func htmlScrapeExmo(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}

 	defer httpResp.Body.Close()
-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1010,7 +1011,7 @@ func htmlScrapeBitstamp(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()

-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1145,7 +1146,7 @@ func htmlScrapeLocalBitcoins(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()

-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1284,7 +1285,7 @@ func updateFile(name string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(name, file, 0770)
+	return os.WriteFile(name, file, gctfile.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // SendGetReq sends get req
@@ -1690,7 +1691,7 @@ func htmlScrapeBitfinex(htmlData *HTMLScrapingData) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	defer temp.Body.Close()

-	a, err := ioutil.ReadAll(temp.Body)
+	a, err := io.ReadAll(temp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1775,7 +1776,7 @@ func sendHTTPGetRequest(path string, headers map[string]string) (*http.Response,
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.TODO(),
 		http.MethodGet,
 		path,
-		nil)
+		http.NoBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/cmd/apichecker/apicheck_test.go
+++ b/cmd/apichecker/apicheck_test.go
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package main

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/convert"
+	gctfile "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	exchange "github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/log"
 )
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func removeTestFileVars() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(testJSONFile, file, 0770)
+	return os.WriteFile(testJSONFile, file, gctfile.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 func canTestTrello() bool {
@@ -439,8 +439,7 @@ func TestUpdate(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCheckMissingExchanges(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	a := checkMissingExchanges()
-	if len(a) > len(exchange.Exchanges) {
+	if a := checkMissingExchanges(); len(a) > len(exchange.Exchanges) {
 		t.Fatal("invalid response")
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/config/config.go
+++ b/cmd/config/config.go
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package main
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/config"
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func main() {
 		key = string(result)
 	}

-	fileData, err := ioutil.ReadFile(inFile)
+	fileData, err := os.ReadFile(inFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Unable to read input file %s. Error: %s.", inFile, err)
 	}
--- a/cmd/config_builder/builder.go
+++ b/cmd/config_builder/builder.go
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ func main() {
 	wg.Wait()
 	log.Println("Done.")

-	var cfgs []config.Exchange
 	exchanges := engine.Bot.GetExchanges()
+	cfgs := make([]config.Exchange, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		var cfg *config.Exchange
 		cfg, err = exchanges[x].GetDefaultConfig()
--- a/cmd/dbseed/exchange.go
+++ b/cmd/dbseed/exchange.go
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ func seedExchangeFromDefaultList(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	var allExchanges []exchangeDB.Details
+	allExchanges := make([]exchangeDB.Details, len(exchange.Exchanges))
 	for x := range exchange.Exchanges {
-		allExchanges = append(allExchanges, exchangeDB.Details{
+		allExchanges[x] = exchangeDB.Details{
 			Name: exchange.Exchanges[x],
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	err = exchangeDB.InsertMany(allExchanges)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/cmd/dbseed/main.go
+++ b/cmd/dbseed/main.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/config"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/core"
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ func main() {
 	workingDir, err = os.Getwd()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Println("error getting current working path")
-		workingDir = filepath.Join(".")
+		workingDir = "."
 	}

 	fmt.Println("GoCryptoTrader database seeding tool")
--- a/cmd/documentation/documentation.go
+++ b/cmd/documentation/documentation.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ func GetConfiguration() (Config, error) {
 	configFilePath := filepath.Join(toolDir, "config.json")

 	if file.Exists(configFilePath) {
-		config, err := ioutil.ReadFile(configFilePath)
+		config, err := os.ReadFile(configFilePath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return c, err
 		}
@@ -360,7 +359,7 @@ func GetConfiguration() (Config, error) {
 		return c, err
 	}

-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(configFilePath, data, 0770); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFilePath, data, file.DefaultPermissionOctal); err != nil {
 		return c, err
 	}

@@ -485,7 +484,7 @@ func GetPackageName(name string, capital bool) string {
 		i = len(newStrings) - 1
 	}
 	if capital {
-		return strings.Replace(strings.Title(newStrings[i]), "_", " ", -1)
+		return strings.Replace(strings.Title(newStrings[i]), "_", " ", -1) // nolint // ignore staticcheck strings.Title warning
 	}
 	return newStrings[i]
 }
@@ -540,7 +539,7 @@ func UpdateDocumentation(details DocumentationDetails) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if name == engineFolder {
-			d, err := ioutil.ReadDir(details.Directories[i])
+			d, err := os.ReadDir(details.Directories[i])
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Println("Excluding file:", err)
 			}
--- a/cmd/exchange_template/exchange_template.go
+++ b/cmd/exchange_template/exchange_template.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common"
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/config"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/core"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/currency"
@@ -138,14 +139,14 @@ func makeExchange(exchangeDirectory string, configTestFile *config.Config, exch
 	if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return nil, errors.New("directory already exists")
 	}
-	err = os.MkdirAll(exchangeDirectory, 0770)
+	err = os.MkdirAll(exchangeDirectory, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	fmt.Printf("Output directory: %s\n", exchangeDirectory)

-	exch.CapitalName = strings.Title(exch.Name)
+	exch.CapitalName = strings.Title(exch.Name) // nolint:staticcheck // Ignore Title usage warning
 	exch.Variable = exch.Name[0:2]
 	newExchConfig := &config.Exchange{}
 	newExchConfig.Name = exch.CapitalName
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ func makeExchange(exchangeDirectory string, configTestFile *config.Config, exch
 		outputFile := filepath.Join(exchangeDirectory, filename)
 		newFile(outputFile)
 		var f *os.File
-		f, err = os.OpenFile(outputFile, os.O_WRONLY, 0770)
+		f, err = os.OpenFile(outputFile, os.O_WRONLY, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
--- a/cmd/exchange_template/wrapper_file.tmpl
+++ b/cmd/exchange_template/wrapper_file.tmpl
@@ -334,18 +334,20 @@ func ({{.Variable}} *{{.CapitalName}}) UpdateOrderbook(ctx context.Context, pair
 		return book, err
 	}

+	book.Bids = make([]orderbook.Item, len(orderbookNew.Bids))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Bids {
-		book.Bids = append(book.Bids, orderbook.Item{
+		book.Bids[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Bids[x].Quantity, 
 			Price: orderbookNew.Bids[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}

+	book.Asks = make([]orderbook.Item, len(orderbookNew.Asks))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Asks {
-		book.Asks = append(book.Asks, orderbook.Item{
+		book.Asks[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderBookNew.Asks[x].Quantity,
 			Price: orderBookNew.Asks[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	*/

--- a/cmd/exchange_wrapper_issues/main.go
+++ b/cmd/exchange_wrapper_issues/main.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ func parseOrderType(orderType string) order.Type {
 }

 func testWrappers(e exchange.IBotExchange, base *exchange.Base, config *Config) []ExchangeAssetPairResponses {
-	var response []ExchangeAssetPairResponses
+	response := make([]ExchangeAssetPairResponses, 0)
 	testOrderSide := parseOrderSide(config.OrderSubmission.OrderSide)
 	testOrderType := parseOrderType(config.OrderSubmission.OrderType)
 	assetTypes := base.GetAssetTypes(false)
@@ -835,13 +834,13 @@ func testWrappers(e exchange.IBotExchange, base *exchange.Base, config *Config)
 }

 func jsonifyInterface(params []interface{}) json.RawMessage {
-	response, _ := json.MarshalIndent(params, "", " ")
+	response, _ := json.MarshalIndent(params, "", " ") // nolint:errchkjson // TODO: ignore this for now
 	return response
 }

 func loadConfig() (Config, error) {
 	var config Config
-	keys, err := ioutil.ReadFile("wrapperconfig.json")
+	keys, err := os.ReadFile("wrapperconfig.json")
 	if err != nil {
 		return config, err
 	}
--- a/cmd/gctcli/commands.go
+++ b/cmd/gctcli/commands.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -4226,7 +4226,7 @@ func gctScriptUpload(c *cli.Context) error {
 	defer closeConn(conn, cancel)
 	client := gctrpc.NewGoCryptoTraderClient(conn)

-	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(file)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/gctcli/pair_management.go
+++ b/cmd/gctcli/pair_management.go
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func enableDisableExchangePair(c *cli.Context) error {

 	pairList := strings.Split(pairs, ",")

-	var validPairs []*gctrpc.CurrencyPair
+	validPairs := make([]*gctrpc.CurrencyPair, len(pairList))
 	for i := range pairList {
 		if !validPair(pairList[i]) {
 			return errInvalidPair
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ func enableDisableExchangePair(c *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}

-		validPairs = append(validPairs, &gctrpc.CurrencyPair{
+		validPairs[i] = &gctrpc.CurrencyPair{
 			Delimiter: p.Delimiter,
 			Base:      p.Base.String(),
 			Quote:     p.Quote.String(),
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	conn, cancel, err := setupClient(c)
--- a/cmd/gen_sqlboiler_config/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gen_sqlboiler_config/main.go
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"

+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/config"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/core"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/database"
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	path := filepath.Join(outputFolder, "sqlboiler.json")
-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(path, jsonOutput, 0770)
+	err = os.WriteFile(path, jsonOutput, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("Write failed: %v", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
--- a/common/cache/cache_test.go
+++ b/common/cache/cache_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package cache

 import (
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/convert"
 )

 func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
@@ -16,12 +18,11 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	if v == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected cache to contain \"hello\" key")
 	}
-	if v.(string) != "world" {
+	if convert.InterfaceToStringOrZeroValue(v) != "world" {
 		t.Fatal("expected \"hello\" key to contain value \"world\"")
 	}

-	r := lruCache.Remove("hello")
-	if !r {
+	if r := lruCache.Remove("hello"); !r {
 		t.Fatal("expected \"hello\" key to be removed from cache")
 	}

@@ -77,39 +78,39 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	if v == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected cache to contain \"2\" key")
 	}
-	if v.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(v) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected \"2\" key to contain value \"2\"")
 	}
 	k, v := lruCache.getNewest()
-	if k.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected latest key to be 2")
 	}
-	if v.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(v) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected latest value to be 2")
 	}
 	lruCache.Add(3, 3)
 	k, _ = lruCache.getNewest()
-	if k.(int) != 3 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 3 {
 		t.Fatal("expected latest key to be 3")
 	}
 	k, _ = lruCache.getOldest()
-	if k.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected oldest key to be 2")
 	}
 	k, v = lruCache.getOldest()
-	if k.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected oldest key to be 2")
 	}
-	if v.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(v) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected latest value to be 2")
 	}
 	lruCache.Add(2, 2)
 	k, _ = lruCache.getNewest()
-	if k.(int) != 2 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("expected latest key to be 2")
 	}
 	k, _ = lruCache.getOldest()
-	if k.(int) != 3 {
+	if convert.InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(k) != 3 {
 		t.Fatal("expected oldest key to be 3")
 	}
 }
--- a/common/cache/lru.go
+++ b/common/cache/lru.go
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ func NewLRUCache(capacity uint64) *LRU {
 func (l *LRU) Add(key, value interface{}) {
 	if f, o := l.items[key]; o {
 		l.l.MoveToFront(f)
-		f.Value.(*item).value = value
+		if v, ok := f.Value.(*item); ok {
+			v.value = value
+		}
 		return
 	}

@@ -40,7 +42,9 @@ func (l *LRU) Add(key, value interface{}) {
 func (l *LRU) Get(key interface{}) interface{} {
 	if i, f := l.items[key]; f {
 		l.l.MoveToFront(i)
-		return i.Value.(*item).value
+		if v, ok := i.Value.(*item); ok {
+			return v.value
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -48,7 +52,9 @@ func (l *LRU) Get(key interface{}) interface{} {
 // GetOldest returns the oldest entry
 func (l *LRU) getOldest() (key, value interface{}) {
 	if x := l.l.Back(); x != nil {
-		return x.Value.(*item).key, x.Value.(*item).value
+		if v, ok := x.Value.(*item); ok {
+			return v.key, v.value
+		}
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -56,7 +62,9 @@ func (l *LRU) getOldest() (key, value interface{}) {
 // GetNewest returns the newest entry
 func (l *LRU) getNewest() (key, value interface{}) {
 	if x := l.l.Front(); x != nil {
-		return x.Value.(*item).key, x.Value.(*item).value
+		if v, ok := x.Value.(*item); ok {
+			return v.key, v.value
+		}
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -99,5 +107,7 @@ func (l *LRU) removeOldestEntry() {
 // removeElement element from the cache
 func (l *LRU) removeElement(e *list.Element) {
 	l.l.Remove(e)
-	delete(l.items, e.Value.(*item).key)
+	if v, ok := e.Value.(*item); ok {
+		delete(l.items, v.key)
+	}
 }
--- a/common/common.go
+++ b/common/common.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/log"
 )

@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func SendHTTPRequest(ctx context.Context, method, urlPath string, headers map[st
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()

-	contents, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	contents, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)

 	if verbose {
 		log.Debugf(log.Global, "HTTP status: %s, Code: %v",
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ func CreateDir(dir string) error {
 	}

 	log.Warnf(log.Global, "Directory %s does not exist.. creating.\n", dir)
-	return os.MkdirAll(dir, 0770)
+	return os.MkdirAll(dir, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // ChangePermission lists all the directories and files in an array
@@ -357,8 +357,8 @@ func ChangePermission(directory string) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if info.Mode().Perm() != 0770 {
-			return os.Chmod(path, 0770)
+		if info.Mode().Perm() != file.DefaultPermissionOctal {
+			return os.Chmod(path, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
--- a/common/common_test.go
+++ b/common/common_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 )

 func TestSendHTTPRequest(t *testing.T) {
@@ -509,7 +511,7 @@ func TestChangePermission(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected an error on non-existent path")
 		}
-		err = os.Mkdir(testDir, 0777)
+		err = os.Mkdir(testDir, 0o777)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Mkdir failed. Err: %v", err)
 		}
@@ -530,7 +532,7 @@ func TestChangePermission(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected an error on non-existent path")
 		}
-		err = os.Mkdir(testDir, 0777)
+		err = os.Mkdir(testDir, 0o777)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Mkdir failed. Err: %v", err)
 		}
@@ -543,8 +545,8 @@ func TestChangePermission(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("os.Stat failed. Err: %v", err)
 		}
-		if a.Mode().Perm() != 0770 {
-			t.Fatalf("expected file permissions differ. expecting 0770 got %#o", a.Mode().Perm())
+		if a.Mode().Perm() != file.DefaultPermissionOctal {
+			t.Fatalf("expected file permissions differ. expecting file.DefaultPermissionOctal got %#o", a.Mode().Perm())
 		}
 		err = os.Remove(testDir)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/common/convert/convert.go
+++ b/common/convert/convert.go
@@ -119,8 +119,7 @@ func DecimalToHumanFriendlyString(number decimal.Decimal, rounding int, decPoint
 		neg = true
 	}
 	str := number.String()
-	rnd := strings.Split(str, ".")
-	if len(rnd) == 1 {
+	if rnd := strings.Split(str, "."); len(rnd) == 1 {
 		rounding = 0
 	} else if len(rnd[1]) < rounding {
 		rounding = len(rnd[1])
@@ -164,3 +163,27 @@ func numberToHumanFriendlyString(str string, dec int, decPoint, thousandsSep str

 	return s
 }
+
+// InterfaceToFloat64OrZeroValue returns the type assertion value or variable zero value
+func InterfaceToFloat64OrZeroValue(r interface{}) float64 {
+	if v, ok := r.(float64); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue returns the type assertion value or variable zero value
+func InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(r interface{}) int {
+	if v, ok := r.(int); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// InterfaceToStringOrZeroValue returns the type assertion value or variable zero value
+func InterfaceToStringOrZeroValue(r interface{}) string {
+	if v, ok := r.(string); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+	return ""
+}
--- a/common/convert/convert_test.go
+++ b/common/convert/convert_test.go
@@ -282,3 +282,36 @@ func TestNumberToHumanFriendlyString(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected no comma")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestInterfaceToFloat64OrZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var x interface{}
+	if r := InterfaceToFloat64OrZeroValue(x); r != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 0, got: %v", r)
+	}
+	x = float64(420)
+	if r := InterfaceToFloat64OrZeroValue(x); r != 420 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 420, got: %v", x)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var x interface{}
+	if r := InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(x); r != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 0, got: %v", r)
+	}
+	x = int(420)
+	if r := InterfaceToIntOrZeroValue(x); r != 420 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 420, got: %v", x)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceToStringOrZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var x interface{}
+	if r := InterfaceToStringOrZeroValue(x); r != "" {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty string, got: %v", r)
+	}
+	x = string("meow")
+	if r := InterfaceToStringOrZeroValue(x); r != "meow" {
+		t.Errorf("expected meow, got: %v", x)
+	}
+}
--- a/common/crypto/crypto_test.go
+++ b/common/crypto/crypto_test.go
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func TestGetHMAC(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if string(sha1) != string(expectedSha1) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(sha1, expectedSha1) {
 		t.Errorf("Common GetHMAC error: Expected '%x'. Actual '%x'",
 			expectedSha1, sha1,
 		)
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func TestGetHMAC(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if string(sha256) != string(expectedsha256) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(sha256, expectedsha256) {
 		t.Errorf("Common GetHMAC error: Expected '%x'. Actual '%x'",
 			expectedsha256, sha256,
 		)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func TestGetHMAC(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if string(sha512) != string(expectedsha512) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(sha512, expectedsha512) {
 		t.Errorf("Common GetHMAC error: Expected '%x'. Actual '%x'",
 			expectedsha512, sha512,
 		)
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func TestGetHMAC(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if string(sha512384) != string(expectedsha512384) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(sha512384, expectedsha512384) {
 		t.Errorf("Common GetHMAC error: Expected '%x'. Actual '%x'",
 			expectedsha512384, sha512384,
 		)
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func TestGetHMAC(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if string(md5) != string(expectedmd5) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(md5, expectedmd5) {
 		t.Errorf("Common GetHMAC error: Expected '%x'. Actual '%x'",
 			expectedmd5, md5,
 		)
--- a/common/file/archive/zip.go
+++ b/common/file/archive/zip.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common/file"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/log"
 )

@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ func UnZip(src, dest string) (fileList []string, err error) {
 			continue
 		}

-		err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(fPath), 0770)
+		err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(fPath), file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}
--- a/common/file/file.go
+++ b/common/file/file.go
@@ -6,22 +6,25 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 )

+// DefaultPermissionOctal is the default file and folder permission octal used throughout GCT
+const DefaultPermissionOctal fs.FileMode = 0o770
+
 // Write writes selected data to a file or returns an error if it fails. This
 // func also ensures that all files are set to this permission (only rw access
 // for the running user and the group the user is a member of)
 func Write(file string, data []byte) error {
 	basePath := filepath.Dir(file)
 	if !Exists(basePath) {
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(basePath, 0770); err != nil {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(basePath, DefaultPermissionOctal); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(file, data, 0770)
+	return os.WriteFile(file, data, DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // Writer creates a writer to a file or returns an error if it fails. This
@@ -30,11 +33,11 @@ func Write(file string, data []byte) error {
 func Writer(file string) (*os.File, error) {
 	basePath := filepath.Dir(file)
 	if !Exists(basePath) {
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(basePath, 0770); err != nil {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(basePath, DefaultPermissionOctal); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	return os.OpenFile(file, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0770)
+	return os.OpenFile(file, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, DefaultPermissionOctal)
 }

 // Move moves a file from a source path to a destination path
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ func Move(sourcePath, destPath string) error {

 	destDir := filepath.Dir(destPath)
 	if !Exists(destDir) {
-		err = os.MkdirAll(destDir, 0770)
+		err = os.MkdirAll(destDir, DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
--- a/common/file/file_test.go
+++ b/common/file/file_test.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func TestWrite(t *testing.T) {
 func TestMove(t *testing.T) {
 	tester := func(in, out string, write bool) error {
 		if write {
-			if err := ioutil.WriteFile(in, []byte("GoCryptoTrader"), 0770); err != nil {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(in, []byte("GoCryptoTrader"), DefaultPermissionOctal); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func TestMove(t *testing.T) {
 			return err
 		}

-		contents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(out)
+		contents, err := os.ReadFile(out)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func TestExists(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("non-existent file should not exist")
 	}
 	tmpFile := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "gct-test.txt")
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(tmpFile, []byte("hello world"), os.ModeAppend); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(tmpFile, []byte("hello world"), os.ModeAppend); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if e := Exists(tmpFile); !e {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func TestWriter(t *testing.T) {
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			if data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(got.Name()); err != nil || string(data) != testData {
+			if data, err := os.ReadFile(got.Name()); err != nil || string(data) != testData {
 				t.Errorf("Could not write the file, or contents were wrong: expected = %s, got =%s", testData, string(data))
 			}
 		})
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func TestWriterNoPermissionFails(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(temp)
-	err = os.Chmod(temp, 0555)
+	err = os.Chmod(temp, 0o555)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
--- a/common/math/math.go
+++ b/common/math/math.go
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ func InformationRatio(returnsRates, benchmarkRates []float64, averageValues, ave
 	if len(benchmarkRates) != len(returnsRates) {
 		return 0, errInformationBadLength
 	}
-	var diffs []float64
+	diffs := make([]float64, len(returnsRates))
 	for i := range returnsRates {
-		diffs = append(diffs, returnsRates[i]-benchmarkRates[i])
+		diffs[i] = returnsRates[i] - benchmarkRates[i]
 	}
 	stdDev, err := PopulationStandardDeviation(diffs)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ func SampleStandardDeviation(values []float64) (float64, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	var superMean []float64
+	superMean := make([]float64, len(values))
 	var combined float64
 	for i := range values {
 		result := math.Pow(values[i]-mean, 2)
-		superMean = append(superMean, result)
+		superMean[i] = result
 		combined += result
 	}
 	avg := combined / (float64(len(superMean)) - 1)
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ func SharpeRatio(movementPerCandle []float64, riskFreeRatePerInterval, average f
 	if totalIntervals == 0 {
 		return 0, errZeroValue
 	}
-	var excessReturns []float64
+	excessReturns := make([]float64, len(movementPerCandle))
 	for i := range movementPerCandle {
-		excessReturns = append(excessReturns, movementPerCandle[i]-riskFreeRatePerInterval)
+		excessReturns[i] = movementPerCandle[i] - riskFreeRatePerInterval
 	}
 	standardDeviation, err := PopulationStandardDeviation(excessReturns)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ func DecimalInformationRatio(returnsRates, benchmarkRates []decimal.Decimal, ave
 	if len(benchmarkRates) != len(returnsRates) {
 		return decimal.Zero, errInformationBadLength
 	}
-	var diffs []decimal.Decimal
+	diffs := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(returnsRates))
 	for i := range returnsRates {
-		diffs = append(diffs, returnsRates[i].Sub(benchmarkRates[i]))
+		diffs[i] = returnsRates[i].Sub(benchmarkRates[i])
 	}
 	stdDev, err := DecimalPopulationStandardDeviation(diffs)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrInexactConversion) {
@@ -339,11 +339,11 @@ func DecimalSampleStandardDeviation(values []decimal.Decimal) (decimal.Decimal,
 	if err != nil {
 		return decimal.Zero, err
 	}
-	var superMean []decimal.Decimal
+	superMean := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(values))
 	var combined decimal.Decimal
 	for i := range values {
 		pow := values[i].Sub(mean).Pow(decimal.NewFromInt(2))
-		superMean = append(superMean, pow)
+		superMean[i] = pow
 		combined.Add(pow)
 	}
 	avg := combined.Div(decimal.NewFromInt(int64(len(superMean))).Sub(decimal.NewFromInt(1)))
@@ -380,9 +380,7 @@ func DecimalGeometricMean(values []decimal.Decimal) (decimal.Decimal, error) {
 // DecimalPow is lovely because shopspring decimal cannot
 // handle ^0.x and instead returns 1
 func DecimalPow(x, y decimal.Decimal) decimal.Decimal {
-	fX, _ := x.Float64()
-	fY, _ := y.Float64()
-	pow := math.Pow(fX, fY)
+	pow := math.Pow(x.InexactFloat64(), y.InexactFloat64())
 	return decimal.NewFromFloat(pow)
 }

@@ -405,7 +403,7 @@ func DecimalFinancialGeometricMean(values []decimal.Decimal) (decimal.Decimal, e
 		// as we cannot have negative or zero value geometric numbers
 		// adding a 1 to the percentage movements allows for differentiation between
 		// negative numbers (eg -0.1 translates to 0.9) and positive numbers (eg 0.1 becomes 1.1)
-		modVal, _ := values[i].Add(decimal.NewFromInt(1)).Float64()
+		modVal := values[i].Add(decimal.NewFromInt(1)).InexactFloat64()
 		product *= modVal
 	}
 	prod := 1 / float64(len(values))
@@ -461,9 +459,9 @@ func DecimalSharpeRatio(movementPerCandle []decimal.Decimal, riskFreeRatePerInte
 	if totalIntervals.IsZero() {
 		return decimal.Zero, errZeroValue
 	}
-	var excessReturns []decimal.Decimal
+	excessReturns := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(movementPerCandle))
 	for i := range movementPerCandle {
-		excessReturns = append(excessReturns, movementPerCandle[i].Sub(riskFreeRatePerInterval))
+		excessReturns[i] = movementPerCandle[i].Sub(riskFreeRatePerInterval)
 	}
 	standardDeviation, err := DecimalPopulationStandardDeviation(excessReturns)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrInexactConversion) {
--- a/common/math/math_test.go
+++ b/common/math/math_test.go
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ func TestInformationRatio(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(avgComparison)
 	}

-	var eachDiff []float64
+	eachDiff := make([]float64, len(figures))
 	for i := range figures {
-		eachDiff = append(eachDiff, figures[i]-comparisonFigures[i])
+		eachDiff[i] = figures[i] - comparisonFigures[i]
 	}
 	stdDev, err := PopulationStandardDeviation(eachDiff)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -583,9 +583,9 @@ func TestDecimalInformationRatio(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(avgComparison)
 	}

-	var eachDiff []decimal.Decimal
+	eachDiff := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(figures))
 	for i := range figures {
-		eachDiff = append(eachDiff, figures[i].Sub(comparisonFigures[i]))
+		eachDiff[i] = figures[i].Sub(comparisonFigures[i])
 	}
 	stdDev, err := DecimalPopulationStandardDeviation(eachDiff)
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrInexactConversion) {
@@ -703,14 +703,13 @@ func TestDecimalStandardDeviation2(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
-	var superMean []decimal.Decimal
+	superMean := make([]decimal.Decimal, len(r))
 	for i := range r {
 		result := r[i].Sub(mean).Pow(decimal.NewFromInt(2))
-		superMean = append(superMean, result)
+		superMean[i] = result
 	}
 	superMeany := superMean[0].Add(superMean[1].Add(superMean[2].Add(superMean[3].Add(superMean[4].Add(superMean[5]))))).Div(decimal.NewFromInt(5))
-	fSuperMeany, _ := superMeany.Float64()
-	manualCalculation := decimal.NewFromFloat(math.Sqrt(fSuperMeany))
+	manualCalculation := decimal.NewFromFloat(math.Sqrt(superMeany.InexactFloat64()))
 	var codeCalcu decimal.Decimal
 	codeCalcu, err = DecimalSampleStandardDeviation(r)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/communications/base/base_test.go
+++ b/communications/base/base_test.go
@@ -108,8 +108,11 @@ func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {

 	for idx, provider := range ic {
 		exp := testConfigs[idx].shouldConnectCalled
-		act := provider.(*CommunicationProvider).ConnectCalled
-		if exp != act {
+		act, ok := provider.(*CommunicationProvider)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatal("unable to type assert provider")
+		}
+		if exp != act.ConnectCalled {
 			t.Fatalf("provider should be enabled and not be connected: exp=%v, act=%v", exp, act)
 		}
 	}
@@ -139,8 +142,11 @@ func TestPushEvent(t *testing.T) {

 	for idx, provider := range ic {
 		exp := testConfigs[idx].PushEventCalled
-		act := provider.(*CommunicationProvider).PushEventCalled
-		if exp != act {
+		act, ok := provider.(*CommunicationProvider)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatal("unable to type assert provider")
+		}
+		if exp != act.PushEventCalled {
 			t.Fatalf("provider should be enabled and connected: exp=%v, act=%v", exp, act)
 		}
 	}
--- a/communications/slack/slack.go
+++ b/communications/slack/slack.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type Slack struct {
 	WebsocketConn   *websocket.Conn
 	Connected       bool
 	Shutdown        bool
-	sync.Mutex
+	mu              sync.Mutex
 }

 // IsConnected returns whether or not the connection is connected
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ func (s *Slack) BuildURL(token string) string {

 // GetChannelsString returns a list of all channels on the slack workspace
 func (s *Slack) GetChannelsString() []string {
-	var channels []string
+	channels := make([]string, len(s.Details.Channels))
 	for i := range s.Details.Channels {
-		channels = append(channels, s.Details.Channels[i].NameNormalized)
+		channels[i] = s.Details.Channels[i].NameNormalized
 	}
 	return channels
 }
@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ func (s *Slack) WebsocketKeepAlive() {

 // WebsocketSend sends a message via the websocket connection
 func (s *Slack) WebsocketSend(eventType, text string) error {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	newMessage := SendMessage{
 		ID:      time.Now().Unix(),
 		Type:    eventType,
--- a/communications/slack/slack_test.go
+++ b/communications/slack/slack_test.go
@@ -206,7 +206,10 @@ func TestHandlePresenceChange(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("slack handlePresenceChange(), unmarshalled malformed json")
 	}

-	data, _ := json.Marshal(pres)
+	data, err := json.Marshal(pres)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
 	err = s.handlePresenceChange(data)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("slack handlePresenceChange() Error: %s", err)
@@ -235,7 +238,10 @@ func TestHandleMessageResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	var msg Message
 	msg.User = "1337"
 	msg.Text = "Hello World!"
-	resp, _ := json.Marshal(msg)
+	resp, err := json.Marshal(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}

 	err = s.handleMessageResponse(resp, data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -243,7 +249,10 @@ func TestHandleMessageResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	msg.Text = "!notacommand"
-	resp, _ = json.Marshal(msg)
+	resp, err = json.Marshal(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}

 	err = s.handleMessageResponse(resp, data)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -286,7 +295,10 @@ func TestHandleReconnectResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testURL.URL = "https://www.thrasher.io"

-	data, _ := json.Marshal(testURL)
+	data, err := json.Marshal(testURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}

 	err = s.handleReconnectResponse(data)
 	if err != nil || s.ReconnectURL != "https://www.thrasher.io" {
--- a/communications/smsglobal/smsglobal.go
+++ b/communications/smsglobal/smsglobal.go
@@ -42,15 +42,13 @@ func (s *SMSGlobal) Setup(cfg *base.CommunicationsConfig) {
 	s.Password = cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Password
 	s.SendFrom = cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.From

-	var contacts []Contact
+	contacts := make([]Contact, len(cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts))
 	for x := range cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts {
-		contacts = append(contacts,
-			Contact{
-				Name:    cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Name,
-				Number:  cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Number,
-				Enabled: cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Enabled,
-			},
-		)
+		contacts[x] = Contact{
+			Name:    cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Name,
+			Number:  cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Number,
+			Enabled: cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Enabled,
+		}
 		log.Debugf(log.CommunicationMgr, "SMSGlobal: SMS Contact: %s. Number: %s. Enabled: %v\n",
 			cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Name,
 			cfg.SMSGlobalConfig.Contacts[x].Number,
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
@@ -1420,7 +1419,7 @@ func GetFilePath(configFile string) (configPath string, isImplicitDefaultPath bo
 // config directory as `File` or `EncryptedFile` depending on whether the config
 // is encrypted
 func migrateConfig(configFile, targetDir string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(configFile)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -1518,7 +1517,7 @@ func ReadConfig(configReader io.Reader, keyProvider func() ([]byte, error)) (*Co

 // readEncryptedConf reads encrypted configuration and requests key from provider
 func readEncryptedConfWithKey(reader *bufio.Reader, keyProvider func() ([]byte, error)) (*Config, error) {
-	fileData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(reader)
+	fileData, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/config/config_encryption.go
+++ b/config/config_encryption.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/common"
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ func (c *Config) decryptConfigData(configReader io.Reader, key []byte) ([]byte,
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	origKey := key
-	configData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(configReader)
+	configData, err := io.ReadAll(configReader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/config/config_encryption_test.go
+++ b/config/config_encryption_test.go
@@ -179,11 +179,11 @@ func TestEncryptTwiceReusesSaltButNewCipher(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Problem storing config in file %s: %s\n", enc2, err)
 	}
-	data1, err := ioutil.ReadFile(enc1)
+	data1, err := os.ReadFile(enc1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Problem reading file %s: %s\n", enc1, err)
 	}
-	data2, err := ioutil.ReadFile(enc2)
+	data2, err := os.ReadFile(enc2)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Problem reading file %s: %s\n", enc2, err)
 	}
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func TestReadConfigWithPrompt(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// Verify results
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(testConfigFile)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(testConfigFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Problem reading saved file at %s: %s\n", testConfigFile, err)
 	}
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ func TestSaveConfigToFileWithErrorInPasswordPrompt(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(targetFile)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(targetFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ func TestSupportsPair(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	assetType := asset.Spot // nolint // ifshort false positive
+	assetType := asset.Spot
 	if cfg.SupportsPair("asdf",
 		currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USD), assetType) {
 		t.Error(
--- a/connchecker/connchecker.go
+++ b/connchecker/connchecker.go
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ type Checker struct {
 	shutdown      chan struct{}
 	wg            sync.WaitGroup
 	connected     bool
-	sync.Mutex
+	mu            sync.Mutex
 }

 // Shutdown cleanly shutsdown monitor routine
@@ -136,12 +136,12 @@ func (c *Checker) connectionTest() {
 	for i := range c.DNSList {
 		err := c.CheckDNS(c.DNSList[i])
 		if err == nil {
-			c.Lock()
+			c.mu.Lock()
 			if !c.connected {
 				log.Debugln(log.Global, ConnRe)
 				c.connected = true
 			}
-			c.Unlock()
+			c.mu.Unlock()
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -149,22 +149,22 @@ func (c *Checker) connectionTest() {
 	for i := range c.DomainList {
 		err := c.CheckHost(c.DomainList[i])
 		if err == nil {
-			c.Lock()
+			c.mu.Lock()
 			if !c.connected {
 				log.Debugln(log.Global, ConnRe)
 				c.connected = true
 			}
-			c.Unlock()
+			c.mu.Unlock()
 			return
 		}
 	}

-	c.Lock()
+	c.mu.Lock()
 	if c.connected {
 		log.Warnln(log.Global, ConnLost)
 		c.connected = false
 	}
-	c.Unlock()
+	c.mu.Unlock()
 }

 // CheckDNS checks current dns for connectivity
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ func (c *Checker) CheckHost(host string) error {

 // IsConnected returns if there is internet connectivity
 func (c *Checker) IsConnected() bool {
-	c.Lock()
+	c.mu.Lock()
 	isConnected := c.connected
-	c.Unlock()
+	c.mu.Unlock()
 	return isConnected
 }
--- a/currency/code_test.go
+++ b/currency/code_test.go
@@ -354,7 +354,11 @@ func TestBaseCode(t *testing.T) {
 			len(full.UnsetCurrency))
 	}

-	if full.LastMainUpdate.(int64) != -62135596800 {
+	lastMainUpdate, ok := full.LastMainUpdate.(int64)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Error("unable to type assert LastMainUpdate")
+	}
+	if lastMainUpdate != -62135596800 {
 		t.Errorf("BaseCode GetFullCurrencyData() error expected -62135596800 but received %d",
 			full.LastMainUpdate)
 	}
--- a/currency/coinmarketcap/coinmarketcap.go
+++ b/currency/coinmarketcap/coinmarketcap.go
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ func (c *Coinmarketcap) GetCryptocurrencyInfo(currencyID ...int64) (CryptoCurren
 		return resp.Data, err
 	}

-	var currStr []string
+	currStr := make([]string, len(currencyID))
 	for i := range currencyID {
-		currStr = append(currStr, strconv.FormatInt(currencyID[i], 10))
+		currStr[i] = strconv.FormatInt(currencyID[i], 10)
 	}

 	val := url.Values{}
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ func (c *Coinmarketcap) GetCryptocurrencyLatestQuotes(currencyID ...int64) (Cryp
 		return resp.Data, err
 	}

-	var currStr []string
-	for _, d := range currencyID {
-		currStr = append(currStr, strconv.FormatInt(d, 10))
+	currStr := make([]string, len(currencyID))
+	for i := range currencyID {
+		currStr[i] = strconv.FormatInt(currencyID[i], 10)
 	}

 	val := url.Values{}
@@ -387,9 +387,9 @@ func (c *Coinmarketcap) GetExchangeInfo(exchangeID ...int64) (ExchangeInfo, erro
 		return resp.Data, err
 	}

-	var exchStr []string
-	for _, d := range exchangeID {
-		exchStr = append(exchStr, strconv.FormatInt(d, 10))
+	exchStr := make([]string, len(exchangeID))
+	for x := range exchangeID {
+		exchStr[x] = strconv.FormatInt(exchangeID[x], 10)
 	}

 	val := url.Values{}
@@ -524,9 +524,9 @@ func (c *Coinmarketcap) GetExchangeLatestQuotes(exchangeID ...int64) (ExchangeLa
 		return resp.Data, err
 	}

-	var exchStr []string
-	for _, d := range exchangeID {
-		exchStr = append(exchStr, strconv.FormatInt(d, 10))
+	exchStr := make([]string, len(exchangeID))
+	for x := range exchangeID {
+		exchStr[x] = strconv.FormatInt(exchangeID[x], 10)
 	}

 	val := url.Values{}
--- a/currency/forexprovider/currencyconverterapi/currencyconverterapi.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/currencyconverterapi/currencyconverterapi.go
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ func (c *CurrencyConverter) GetRates(baseCurrency, symbols string) (map[string]f
 		return c.Convert(baseCurrency, symbols)
 	}

-	var completedStrings []string
+	completedStrings := make([]string, len(splitSymbols))
 	for x := range splitSymbols {
-		completedStrings = append(completedStrings, baseCurrency+"_"+splitSymbols[x])
+		completedStrings[x] = baseCurrency + "_" + splitSymbols[x]
 	}

 	if (c.APIKey != "" && c.APIKey != "Key") || len(completedStrings) == 2 {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func (c *CurrencyConverter) GetSupportedCurrencies() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var currencies []string
+	currencies := make([]string, 0, len(result.Results))
 	for key := range result.Results {
 		currencies = append(currencies, key)
 	}
--- a/currency/forexprovider/currencylayer/currencylayer.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/currencylayer/currencylayer.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (c *CurrencyLayer) GetSupportedCurrencies() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New(resp.Error.Info)
 	}

-	var currencies []string
+	currencies := make([]string, 0, len(resp.Currencies))
 	for key := range resp.Currencies {
 		currencies = append(currencies, key)
 	}
--- a/currency/forexprovider/exchangerate.host/exchangerate.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/exchangerate.host/exchangerate.go
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ func (e *ExchangeRateHost) GetSupportedCurrencies() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var symbols []string
+	symbols := make([]string, 0, len(s.Symbols))
 	for x := range s.Symbols {
 		symbols = append(symbols, x)
 	}
--- a/currency/forexprovider/exchangerate.host/exchangerate_test.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/exchangerate.host/exchangerate_test.go
@@ -84,8 +84,7 @@ func TestGetSupportedSymbols(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	_, ok := r.Symbols["AUD"]
-	if !ok {
+	if _, ok := r.Symbols["AUD"]; !ok {
 		t.Error("should contain AUD")
 	}
 }
--- a/currency/forexprovider/exchangeratesapi.io/exchangeratesapi.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/exchangeratesapi.io/exchangeratesapi.go
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ func (e *ExchangeRates) cleanCurrencies(baseCurrency, symbols string) string {
 			e.supportedCurrencies = supportedCurrencies
 		}
 	}
-	var cleanedCurrencies []string
+
 	symbols = strings.Replace(symbols, "RUR", "RUB", -1)
 	var s = strings.Split(symbols, ",")
+	cleanedCurrencies := make([]string, 0, len(s))
 	for _, x := range s {
 		// first make sure that the baseCurrency is not in the symbols list
 		// if it is set
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ func (e *ExchangeRates) GetSupportedCurrencies() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var supportedCurrencies []string
+	supportedCurrencies := make([]string, 0, len(symbols))
 	for x := range symbols {
 		supportedCurrencies = append(supportedCurrencies, x)
 	}
--- a/currency/forexprovider/fixer.io/fixer.go
+++ b/currency/forexprovider/fixer.io/fixer.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (f *Fixer) GetSupportedCurrencies() ([]string, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New(resp.Error.Type + resp.Error.Info)
 	}

-	var currencies []string
+	currencies := make([]string, 0, len(resp.Map))
 	for key := range resp.Map {
 		currencies = append(currencies, key)
 	}
--- a/currency/storage.go
+++ b/currency/storage.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ var (
 func (s *Storage) SetDefaults() {
 	s.defaultBaseCurrency = USD
 	s.baseCurrency = s.defaultBaseCurrency
-	var fiatCurrencies []Code
+	fiatCurrencies := make([]Code, 0, len(symbols))
 	for item := range symbols {
 		if item == USDT.Item {
 			continue
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func (s *Storage) RunUpdater(overrides BotOverrides, settings *Config, filePath
 		}
 	}

-	var fxSettings []base.Settings
+	fxSettings := make([]base.Settings, 0, len(settings.ForexProviders))
 	var primaryProvider bool
 	for i := range settings.ForexProviders {
 		enabled := (settings.ForexProviders[i].Name == "CurrencyConverter" && overrides.CurrencyConverter) ||
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ func (s *Storage) ForeignExchangeUpdater() {
 // SeedCurrencyAnalysisData sets a new instance of a coinmarketcap data.
 func (s *Storage) SeedCurrencyAnalysisData() error {
 	if s.currencyCodes.LastMainUpdate.IsZero() {
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(s.path)
+		b, err := os.ReadFile(s.path)
 		if err != nil {
 			return s.FetchCurrencyAnalysisData()
 		}
--- a/database/repository/audit/audit.go
+++ b/database/repository/audit/audit.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func Event(id, msgtype, message string) {
 		return
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	ctx = boil.SkipTimestamps(ctx)

 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func GetEvent(startTime, endTime time.Time, order string, limit int) (interface{
 	orderByQuery := qm.OrderBy(orderByQueryString)
 	limitQuery := qm.Limit(limit)

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	if repository.GetSQLDialect() == database.DBSQLite3 {
 		return modelSQLite.AuditEvents(query, orderByQuery, limitQuery).All(ctx, database.DB.SQL)
 	}
--- a/database/repository/candle/candle.go
+++ b/database/repository/candle/candle.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func Series(exchangeName, base, quote string, interval int64, asset string, star
 	queries = append(queries, qm.Where("exchange_name_id = ?", exchangeUUID.String()))
 	if repository.GetSQLDialect() == database.DBSQLite3 {
 		queries = append(queries, qm.Where("timestamp between ? and ?", start.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), end.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)))
-		retCandle, errC := modelSQLite.Candles(queries...).All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+		retCandle, errC := modelSQLite.Candles(queries...).All(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 		if errC != nil {
 			return out, errC
 		}
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func Series(exchangeName, base, quote string, interval int64, asset string, star
 		}
 	} else {
 		queries = append(queries, qm.Where("timestamp between ? and ?", start.UTC(), end.UTC()))
-		retCandle, errC := modelPSQL.Candles(queries...).All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+		retCandle, errC := modelPSQL.Candles(queries...).All(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 		if errC != nil {
 			return out, errC
 		}
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func DeleteCandles(in *Item) (int64, error) {
 		return 0, errNoCandleData
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	queries := []qm.QueryMod{
 		qm.Where("base = ?", strings.ToUpper(in.Base)),
 		qm.Where("quote = ?", strings.ToUpper(in.Quote)),
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func DeleteCandles(in *Item) (int64, error) {
 }

 func deleteSQLite(ctx context.Context, queries []qm.QueryMod) (int64, error) {
-	retCandle, err := modelSQLite.Candles(queries...).All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	retCandle, err := modelSQLite.Candles(queries...).All(ctx, database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func deleteSQLite(ctx context.Context, queries []qm.QueryMod) (int64, error) {
 }

 func deletePostgres(ctx context.Context, queries []qm.QueryMod) (int64, error) {
-	retCandle, err := modelPSQL.Candles(queries...).All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	retCandle, err := modelPSQL.Candles(queries...).All(ctx, database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func Insert(in *Item) (uint64, error) {
 		return 0, errNoCandleData
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
--- a/database/repository/datahistoryjob/datahistoryjob.go
+++ b/database/repository/datahistoryjob/datahistoryjob.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func Setup(db database.IDatabase) (*DBService, error) {

 // Upsert inserts or updates jobs into the database
 func (db *DBService) Upsert(jobs ...*DataHistoryJob) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()

 	tx, err := db.sql.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (db *DBService) GetPrerequisiteJob(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, error
 // SetRelationshipByID removes a relationship in the event of a changed
 // relationship during upsertion
 func (db *DBService) SetRelationshipByID(prerequisiteJobID, followingJobID string, status int64) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	if strings.EqualFold(prerequisiteJobID, followingJobID) {
 		return errCannotSetSamePrerequisite
 	}
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (db *DBService) SetRelationshipByID(prerequisiteJobID, followingJobID strin
 // SetRelationshipByNickname removes a relationship in the event of a changed
 // relationship during upsertion
 func (db *DBService) SetRelationshipByNickname(prerequisiteNickname, followingNickname string, status int64) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	if strings.EqualFold(prerequisiteNickname, followingNickname) {
 		return errCannotSetSamePrerequisite
 	}
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ func upsertPostgres(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, jobs ...*DataHistoryJob) er
 	return nil
 }
 func (db *DBService) getByNicknameSQLite(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", strings.ToLower(nickname))).One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", strings.ToLower(nickname))).One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getByNicknameSQLite(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, erro

 func (db *DBService) getByNicknamePostgres(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", strings.ToLower(nickname)))
-	result, err := query.One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := query.One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getByNicknamePostgres(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, er
 }

 func (db *DBService) getByIDSQLite(id string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("id = ?", id)).One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("id = ?", id)).One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getByIDSQLite(id string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {

 func (db *DBService) getByIDPostgres(id string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("id = ?", id))
-	result, err := query.One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := query.One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -368,13 +368,13 @@ func (db *DBService) getByIDPostgres(id string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
 }

 func (db *DBService) getJobsBetweenSQLite(startDate, endDate time.Time) ([]DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	var jobs []DataHistoryJob
 	query := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("created BETWEEN ? AND ? ", startDate.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), endDate.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
-		return jobs, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	jobs := make([]DataHistoryJob, 0, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		job, err := db.createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(results[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -387,13 +387,13 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobsBetweenSQLite(startDate, endDate time.Time) ([]DataH
 }

 func (db *DBService) getJobsBetweenPostgres(startDate, endDate time.Time) ([]DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	var jobs []DataHistoryJob
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("created BETWEEN ? AND  ? ", startDate, endDate))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
-		return jobs, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	jobs := make([]DataHistoryJob, 0, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		job, err := db.createPostgresDataHistoryJobResponse(results[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobAndAllResultsSQLite(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob
 		qm.Load(sqlite3.DatahistoryjobRels.JobDatahistoryjobresults),
 		qm.Load(sqlite3.DatahistoryjobRels.ExchangeName),
 		qm.Where("nickname = ?", strings.ToLower(nickname)))
-	result, err := query.One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := query.One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobAndAllResultsPostgres(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJ
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(
 		qm.Load(postgres.DatahistoryjobRels.JobDatahistoryjobresults),
 		qm.Where("nickname = ?", strings.ToLower(nickname)))
-	result, err := query.One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := query.One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -435,12 +435,12 @@ func (db *DBService) getAllIncompleteJobsAndResultsSQLite() ([]DataHistoryJob, e
 		qm.Load(sqlite3.DatahistoryjobRels.ExchangeName),
 		qm.Load(sqlite3.DatahistoryjobRels.JobDatahistoryjobresults),
 		qm.Where("status = ?", 0))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var jobs []DataHistoryJob
+	jobs := make([]DataHistoryJob, 0, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		job, err := db.createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(results[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -457,12 +457,12 @@ func (db *DBService) getAllIncompleteJobsAndResultsPostgres() ([]DataHistoryJob,
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(
 		qm.Load(postgres.DatahistoryjobRels.JobDatahistoryjobresults),
 		qm.Where("status = ?", 0))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var jobs []DataHistoryJob
+	jobs := make([]DataHistoryJob, 0, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		job, err := db.createPostgresDataHistoryJobResponse(results[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -475,15 +475,15 @@ func (db *DBService) getAllIncompleteJobsAndResultsPostgres() ([]DataHistoryJob,
 }

 func (db *DBService) getRelatedUpcomingJobsSQLite(nickname string) ([]*DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	job, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	job, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	results, err := job.JobDatahistoryjobs().All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := job.JobDatahistoryjobs().All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var resp []*DataHistoryJob
+	resp := make([]*DataHistoryJob, 0, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		job, err := db.createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(results[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -496,11 +496,11 @@ func (db *DBService) getRelatedUpcomingJobsSQLite(nickname string) ([]*DataHisto

 func (db *DBService) getRelatedUpcomingJobsPostgres(nickname string) ([]*DataHistoryJob, error) {
 	q := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Load(postgres.DatahistoryjobRels.JobDatahistoryjobs), qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname))
-	jobWithRelations, err := q.One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	jobWithRelations, err := q.One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var response []*DataHistoryJob
+	response := make([]*DataHistoryJob, 0, len(jobWithRelations.R.JobDatahistoryjobs))
 	for i := range jobWithRelations.R.JobDatahistoryjobs {
 		job, err := db.getByIDPostgres(jobWithRelations.R.JobDatahistoryjobs[i].ID)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -556,11 +556,11 @@ func setRelationshipByIDPostgres(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, prerequisiteJo
 }

 func (db *DBService) getPrerequisiteJobSQLite(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	job, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	job, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -569,11 +569,11 @@ func (db *DBService) getPrerequisiteJobSQLite(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob,
 }

 func (db *DBService) getPrerequisiteJobPostgres(nickname string) (*DataHistoryJob, error) {
-	job, err := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	job, err := postgres.Datahistoryjobs(qm.Where("nickname = ?", nickname)).One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	result, err := job.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	result, err := job.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(result *sqlite3.Datahist
 	if result.R != nil && result.R.ExchangeName != nil {
 		exchange = result.R.ExchangeName
 	} else {
-		exchange, err = result.ExchangeName().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+		exchange, err = result.ExchangeName().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve exchange '%v' %w", result.ExchangeNameID, err)
 		}
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(result *sqlite3.Datahist
 	var secondaryExchangeName string
 	if result.SecondaryExchangeID.String != "" {
 		var secondaryExchangeResult *sqlite3.Exchange
-		secondaryExchangeResult, err = result.SecondaryExchange().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+		secondaryExchangeResult, err = result.SecondaryExchange().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve secondary exchange '%v' %w", result.SecondaryExchangeID, err)
 		}
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createSQLiteDataHistoryJobResponse(result *sqlite3.Datahist
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	prereqJob, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	prereqJob, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil && err != sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createPostgresDataHistoryJobResponse(result *postgres.Datah
 	if result.R != nil && result.R.ExchangeName != nil {
 		exchange = result.R.ExchangeName
 	} else {
-		exchange, err = result.ExchangeName().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+		exchange, err = result.ExchangeName().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve exchange '%v' %w", result.ExchangeNameID, err)
 		}
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createPostgresDataHistoryJobResponse(result *postgres.Datah
 	var secondaryExchangeName string
 	if result.SecondaryExchangeID.String != "" {
 		var secondaryExchangeResult *postgres.Exchange
-		secondaryExchangeResult, err = result.SecondaryExchange().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+		secondaryExchangeResult, err = result.SecondaryExchange().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve secondary exchange '%v' %w", result.SecondaryExchangeID, err)
 		}
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ func (db *DBService) createPostgresDataHistoryJobResponse(result *postgres.Datah
 		}
 	}

-	prereqJob, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	prereqJob, err := result.PrerequisiteJobDatahistoryjobs().One(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil && err != sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/database/repository/datahistoryjobresult/datahistoryjobresult.go
+++ b/database/repository/datahistoryjobresult/datahistoryjobresult.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (db *DBService) Upsert(jobs ...*DataHistoryJobResult) error {
 	if len(jobs) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()

 	tx, err := db.sql.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ func upsertPostgres(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, results ...*DataHistoryJobR

 func (db *DBService) getByJobIDSQLite(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, error) {
 	query := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobresults(qm.Where("job_id = ?", jobID))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var resp []DataHistoryJobResult
+	resp := make([]DataHistoryJobResult, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
 		var start, end, run time.Time
 		start, err = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, results[i].IntervalStartTime)
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getByJobIDSQLite(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, err
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		resp = append(resp, DataHistoryJobResult{
+		resp[i] = DataHistoryJobResult{
 			ID:                results[i].ID,
 			JobID:             results[i].JobID,
 			IntervalStartDate: start,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getByJobIDSQLite(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, err
 			Status:            int64(results[i].Status),
 			Result:            results[i].Result.String,
 			Date:              run,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return resp, nil
@@ -200,13 +200,13 @@ func (db *DBService) getByJobIDSQLite(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, err

 func (db *DBService) getByJobIDPostgres(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, error) {
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobresults(qm.Where("job_id = ?", jobID))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var resp []DataHistoryJobResult
+	resp := make([]DataHistoryJobResult, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
-		resp = append(resp, DataHistoryJobResult{
+		resp[i] = DataHistoryJobResult{
 			ID:                results[i].ID,
 			JobID:             results[i].JobID,
 			IntervalStartDate: results[i].IntervalStartTime,
@@ -214,20 +214,20 @@ func (db *DBService) getByJobIDPostgres(jobID string) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, e
 			Status:            int64(results[i].Status),
 			Result:            results[i].Result.String,
 			Date:              results[i].RunTime,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return resp, nil
 }

 func (db *DBService) getJobResultsBetweenSQLite(jobID string, startDate, endDate time.Time) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, error) {
-	var results []DataHistoryJobResult
 	query := sqlite3.Datahistoryjobresults(qm.Where("job_id = ? AND run_time BETWEEN ? AND ? ", jobID, startDate.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), endDate.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)))
-	resp, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	resp, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
-		return results, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	results := make([]DataHistoryJobResult, len(resp))
 	for i := range resp {
 		var start, end, run time.Time
 		start, err = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, resp[i].IntervalStartTime)
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobResultsBetweenSQLite(jobID string, startDate, endDate
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		results = append(results, DataHistoryJobResult{
+		results[i] = DataHistoryJobResult{
 			ID:                resp[i].ID,
 			JobID:             resp[i].JobID,
 			IntervalStartDate: start,
@@ -250,22 +250,22 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobResultsBetweenSQLite(jobID string, startDate, endDate
 			Status:            int64(resp[i].Status),
 			Result:            resp[i].Result.String,
 			Date:              run,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return results, nil
 }

 func (db *DBService) getJobResultsBetweenPostgres(jobID string, startDate, endDate time.Time) ([]DataHistoryJobResult, error) {
-	var jobs []DataHistoryJobResult
 	query := postgres.Datahistoryjobresults(qm.Where("job_id = ? AND run_time BETWEEN ? AND  ? ", jobID, startDate, endDate))
-	results, err := query.All(context.Background(), db.sql)
+	results, err := query.All(context.TODO(), db.sql)
 	if err != nil {
-		return jobs, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	jobs := make([]DataHistoryJobResult, len(results))
 	for i := range results {
-		jobs = append(jobs, DataHistoryJobResult{
+		jobs[i] = DataHistoryJobResult{
 			ID:                results[i].ID,
 			JobID:             results[i].JobID,
 			IntervalStartDate: results[i].IntervalStartTime,
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ func (db *DBService) getJobResultsBetweenPostgres(jobID string, startDate, endDa
 			Status:            int64(results[i].Status),
 			Result:            results[i].Result.String,
 			Date:              results[i].RunTime,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return jobs, nil
--- a/database/repository/exchange/exchange.go
+++ b/database/repository/exchange/exchange.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/csv"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ func one(in, clause string) (out Details, err error) {

 	whereQM := qm.Where(clause+"= ?", in)
 	if repository.GetSQLDialect() == database.DBSQLite3 {
-		ret, errS := modelSQLite.Exchanges(whereQM).One(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+		ret, errS := modelSQLite.Exchanges(whereQM).One(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 		if errS != nil {
 			return out, errS
 		}
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ func one(in, clause string) (out Details, err error) {
 			return out, errS
 		}
 	} else {
-		ret, errS := modelPSQL.Exchanges(whereQM).One(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+		ret, errS := modelPSQL.Exchanges(whereQM).One(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 		if errS != nil {
 			return out, errS
 		}
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ func Insert(in Details) error {
 		return database.ErrDatabaseSupportDisabled
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ func InsertMany(in []Details) error {
 		return database.ErrDatabaseSupportDisabled
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -178,7 +179,11 @@ func UUIDByName(exchange string) (uuid.UUID, error) {
 	exchange = strings.ToLower(exchange)
 	v := exchangeCache.Get(exchange)
 	if v != nil {
-		return v.(uuid.UUID), nil
+		u, ok := v.(uuid.UUID)
+		if !ok {
+			return uuid.UUID{}, errors.New("unable to type assert uuid")
+		}
+		return u, nil
 	}
 	ret, err := One(exchange)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/database/repository/script/script.go
+++ b/database/repository/script/script.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func Event(id, name, path string, data null.Bytes, executionType, status string,
 		return
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	ctx = boil.SkipTimestamps(ctx)
 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/database/repository/trade/trade.go
+++ b/database/repository/trade/trade.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func Insert(trades ...Data) error {
 		}
 	}

-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	ctx = boil.SkipTimestamps(ctx)

 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func Insert(trades ...Data) error {
 // VerifyTradeInIntervals will query for ONE trade within each kline interval and verify if data exists
 // if it does, it will set the range holder property "HasData" to true
 func VerifyTradeInIntervals(exchangeName, assetType, base, quote string, irh *kline.IntervalRangeHolder) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	ctx = boil.SkipTimestamps(ctx)

 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func getByUUIDSQLite(uuid string) (Data, error) {
 	var td Data
 	var ts time.Time
 	query := sqlite3.Trades(qm.Where("id = ?", uuid))
-	result, err := query.One(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	result, err := query.One(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return td, err
 	}
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ func getByUUIDSQLite(uuid string) (Data, error) {
 func getByUUIDPostgres(uuid string) (td Data, err error) {
 	query := postgres.Trades(qm.Where("id = ?", uuid))
 	var result *postgres.Trade
-	result, err = query.One(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	result, err = query.One(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return td, err
 	}
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ func getInRangeSQLite(exchangeName, assetType, base, quote string, startDate, en
 	q := generateQuery(wheres, startDate, endDate, true)
 	query := sqlite3.Trades(q...)
 	var result []*sqlite3.Trade
-	result, err = query.All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	result, err = query.All(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return td, err
 	}
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ func getInRangePostgres(exchangeName, assetType, base, quote string, startDate,
 	q := generateQuery(wheres, startDate, endDate, false)
 	query := postgres.Trades(q...)
 	var result []*postgres.Trade
-	result, err = query.All(context.Background(), database.DB.SQL)
+	result, err = query.All(context.TODO(), database.DB.SQL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return td, err
 	}
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ func getInRangePostgres(exchangeName, assetType, base, quote string, startDate,

 // DeleteTrades will remove trades from the database using trade.Data
 func DeleteTrades(trades ...Data) error {
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := context.TODO()
 	ctx = boil.SkipTimestamps(ctx)

 	tx, err := database.DB.SQL.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ func DeleteTrades(trades ...Data) error {
 		}
 	}()
 	if repository.GetSQLDialect() == database.DBSQLite3 || repository.GetSQLDialect() == database.DBSQLite {
-		err = deleteTradesSQLite(context.Background(), tx, trades...)
+		err = deleteTradesSQLite(context.TODO(), tx, trades...)
 	} else {
-		err = deleteTradesPostgres(context.Background(), tx, trades...)
+		err = deleteTradesPostgres(context.TODO(), tx, trades...)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -414,9 +414,9 @@ func DeleteTrades(trades ...Data) error {
 }

 func deleteTradesSQLite(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, trades ...Data) error {
-	var tradeIDs []interface{}
+	tradeIDs := make([]interface{}, len(trades))
 	for i := range trades {
-		tradeIDs = append(tradeIDs, trades[i].ID)
+		tradeIDs[i] = trades[i].ID
 	}
 	query := sqlite3.Trades(qm.WhereIn(`id in ?`, tradeIDs...))
 	_, err := query.DeleteAll(ctx, tx)
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ func deleteTradesSQLite(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, trades ...Data) error {
 }

 func deleteTradesPostgres(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, trades ...Data) error {
-	var tradeIDs []interface{}
+	tradeIDs := make([]interface{}, len(trades))
 	for i := range trades {
-		tradeIDs = append(tradeIDs, trades[i].ID)
+		tradeIDs[i] = trades[i].ID
 	}
 	query := postgres.Trades(qm.WhereIn(`id in ?`, tradeIDs...))
 	_, err := query.DeleteAll(ctx, tx)
--- a/database/repository/withdraw/withdraw.go
+++ b/database/repository/withdraw/withdraw.go
@@ -267,7 +267,11 @@ func GetEventsByDate(exchange string, start, end time.Time, limit int) ([]*withd
 }

 func generateWhereQuery(columns, id []string, limit int) []qm.QueryMod {
-	var queries []qm.QueryMod
+	x := len(columns)
+	if limit > 0 {
+		x++
+	}
+	queries := make([]qm.QueryMod, 0, x)
 	if limit > 0 {
 		queries = append(queries, qm.Limit(limit))
 	}
--- a/dispatch/dispatch.go
+++ b/dispatch/dispatch.go
@@ -285,11 +285,11 @@ func (d *Dispatcher) subscribe(id uuid.UUID) (chan interface{}, error) {

 	// Read lock to read route list
 	d.rMtx.RLock()
-	_, ok := d.routes[id]
-	d.rMtx.RUnlock()
-	if !ok {
+	if _, ok := d.routes[id]; !ok {
+		d.rMtx.RUnlock()
 		return nil, errors.New("dispatcher uuid not found in route list")
 	}
+	d.rMtx.RUnlock()

 	// Get an unused channel from the channel pool
 	unusedChan, ok := d.outbound.Get().(chan interface{})
@@ -314,11 +314,11 @@ func (d *Dispatcher) unsubscribe(id uuid.UUID, usedChan chan interface{}) error

 	// Read lock to read route list
 	d.rMtx.RLock()
-	_, ok := d.routes[id]
-	d.rMtx.RUnlock()
-	if !ok {
+	if _, ok := d.routes[id]; !ok {
+		d.rMtx.RUnlock()
 		return errors.New("dispatcher uuid does not reference any channels")
 	}
+	d.rMtx.RUnlock()

 	// Lock for write to delete references
 	d.rMtx.Lock()
--- a/dispatch/dispatch_types.go
+++ b/dispatch/dispatch_types.go
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ type job struct {
 type Mux struct {
 	// Reference to the main running dispatch service
 	d *Dispatcher
-	sync.RWMutex
 }

 // Pipe defines an outbound object to the desired routine
--- a/engine/apiserver.go
+++ b/engine/apiserver.go
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ func (m *apiServerManager) newRouter(isREST bool) *mux.Router {
 	if common.ExtractPort(m.websocketListenAddress) == 80 {
 		m.websocketListenAddress = common.ExtractHost(m.websocketListenAddress)
 	} else {
-		m.websocketListenAddress = strings.Join([]string{common.ExtractHost(m.websocketListenAddress),
-			strconv.Itoa(common.ExtractPort(m.websocketListenAddress))}, ":")
+		m.websocketListenAddress = common.ExtractHost(m.websocketListenAddress) + ":" +
+			strconv.Itoa(common.ExtractPort(m.websocketListenAddress))
 	}

 	if isREST {
@@ -302,11 +302,13 @@ func (m *apiServerManager) getIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {

 // getAllActiveOrderbooks returns all enabled exchanges orderbooks
 func getAllActiveOrderbooks(m iExchangeManager) []EnabledExchangeOrderbooks {
-	var orderbookData []EnabledExchangeOrderbooks
 	exchanges, err := m.GetExchanges()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf(log.APIServerMgr, "Cannot get exchanges: %v", err)
+		return nil
 	}
+
+	orderbookData := make([]EnabledExchangeOrderbooks, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		assets := exchanges[x].GetAssetTypes(true)
 		exchName := exchanges[x].GetName()
@@ -342,11 +344,13 @@ func getAllActiveOrderbooks(m iExchangeManager) []EnabledExchangeOrderbooks {

 // getAllActiveTickers returns all enabled exchanges tickers
 func getAllActiveTickers(m iExchangeManager) []EnabledExchangeCurrencies {
-	var tickers []EnabledExchangeCurrencies
 	exchanges, err := m.GetExchanges()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf(log.APIServerMgr, "Cannot get exchanges: %v", err)
+		return nil
 	}
+
+	tickers := make([]EnabledExchangeCurrencies, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		assets := exchanges[x].GetAssetTypes(true)
 		exchName := exchanges[x].GetName()
@@ -382,11 +386,13 @@ func getAllActiveTickers(m iExchangeManager) []EnabledExchangeCurrencies {

 // getAllActiveAccounts returns all enabled exchanges accounts
 func getAllActiveAccounts(m iExchangeManager) []AllEnabledExchangeAccounts {
-	var accounts []AllEnabledExchangeAccounts
 	exchanges, err := m.GetExchanges()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf(log.APIServerMgr, "Cannot get exchanges: %v", err)
+		return nil
 	}
+
+	accounts := make([]AllEnabledExchangeAccounts, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		assets := exchanges[x].GetAssetTypes(true)
 		exchName := exchanges[x].GetName()
@@ -680,12 +686,17 @@ func (m *apiServerManager) WebsocketClientHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http
 }

 func wsAuth(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
+	d, ok := data.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
+	}
+
 	wsResp := WebsocketEventResponse{
 		Event: "auth",
 	}

 	var auth WebsocketAuth
-	err := json.Unmarshal(data.([]byte), &auth)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(d, &auth)
 	if err != nil {
 		wsResp.Error = err.Error()
 		sendErr := client.SendWebsocketMessage(wsResp)
@@ -738,11 +749,16 @@ func wsGetConfig(client *websocketClient, _ interface{}) error {
 }

 func wsSaveConfig(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
+	d, ok := data.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
+	}
+
 	wsResp := WebsocketEventResponse{
 		Event: "SaveConfig",
 	}
 	var respCfg config.Config
-	err := json.Unmarshal(data.([]byte), &respCfg)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(d, &respCfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		wsResp.Error = err.Error()
 		sendErr := client.SendWebsocketMessage(wsResp)
@@ -794,11 +810,16 @@ func wsGetTickers(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
 }

 func wsGetTicker(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
+	d, ok := data.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
+	}
+
 	wsResp := WebsocketEventResponse{
 		Event: "GetTicker",
 	}
 	var tickerReq WebsocketOrderbookTickerRequest
-	err := json.Unmarshal(data.([]byte), &tickerReq)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(d, &tickerReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		wsResp.Error = err.Error()
 		sendErr := client.SendWebsocketMessage(wsResp)
@@ -849,11 +870,16 @@ func wsGetOrderbooks(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
 }

 func wsGetOrderbook(client *websocketClient, data interface{}) error {
+	d, ok := data.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
+	}
+
 	wsResp := WebsocketEventResponse{
 		Event: "GetOrderbook",
 	}
 	var orderbookReq WebsocketOrderbookTickerRequest
-	err := json.Unmarshal(data.([]byte), &orderbookReq)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(d, &orderbookReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		wsResp.Error = err.Error()
 		sendErr := client.SendWebsocketMessage(wsResp)
--- a/engine/apiserver_test.go
+++ b/engine/apiserver_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package engine
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func TestConfigAllJsonResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	resp := makeHTTPGetRequest(t, c)
-	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error("Body not readable", err)
 	}
--- a/engine/datahistory_manager.go
+++ b/engine/datahistory_manager.go
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (m *DataHistoryManager) retrieveJobs() ([]*DataHistoryJob, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var response []*DataHistoryJob
+	response := make([]*DataHistoryJob, 0, len(dbJobs))
 	for i := range dbJobs {
 		dbJob, err := m.convertDBModelToJob(&dbJobs[i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1332,13 +1332,13 @@ func (m *DataHistoryManager) GetAllJobStatusBetween(start, end time.Time) ([]*Da
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var results []*DataHistoryJob
+	results := make([]*DataHistoryJob, len(dbJobs))
 	for i := range dbJobs {
 		dbJob, err := m.convertDBModelToJob(&dbJobs[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		results = append(results, dbJob)
+		results[i] = dbJob
 	}
 	return results, nil
 }
--- a/engine/exchange_manager.go
+++ b/engine/exchange_manager.go
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (m *ExchangeManager) GetExchanges() ([]exchange.IBotExchange, error) {
 	}
 	m.m.Lock()
 	defer m.m.Unlock()
-	var exchs []exchange.IBotExchange
+	exchs := make([]exchange.IBotExchange, 0, len(m.exchanges))
 	for _, x := range m.exchanges {
 		exchs = append(exchs, x)
 	}
--- a/engine/exchange_manager_test.go
+++ b/engine/exchange_manager_test.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func TestExchangeManagerGetExchanges(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error("no exchange manager found")
 	}
-	if exchanges != nil {
+	if len(exchanges) != 0 {
 		t.Error("unexpected value")
 	}
 	b := new(bitfinex.Bitfinex)
--- a/engine/helpers.go
+++ b/engine/helpers.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"os"
@@ -326,8 +325,8 @@ func (bot *Engine) GetExchangeOTPByName(exchName string) (string, error) {

 // GetAuthAPISupportedExchanges returns a list of auth api enabled exchanges
 func (bot *Engine) GetAuthAPISupportedExchanges() []string {
-	var exchangeNames []string
 	exchanges := bot.GetExchanges()
+	exchangeNames := make([]string, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		if !exchanges[x].GetAuthenticatedAPISupport(exchange.RestAuthentication) &&
 			!exchanges[x].GetAuthenticatedAPISupport(exchange.WebsocketAuthentication) {
@@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ func (bot *Engine) MapCurrenciesByExchange(p currency.Pairs, enabledExchangesOnl
 // GetExchangeNamesByCurrency returns a list of exchanges supporting
 // a currency pair based on whether the exchange is enabled or not
 func (bot *Engine) GetExchangeNamesByCurrency(p currency.Pair, enabled bool, assetType asset.Item) []string {
-	var exchanges []string
+	exchanges := make([]string, 0, len(bot.Config.Exchanges))
 	for x := range bot.Config.Exchanges {
 		if enabled != bot.Config.Exchanges[x].Enabled {
 			continue
@@ -862,7 +861,7 @@ func checkCerts(certDir string) error {
 		return genCert(certDir)
 	}

-	pemData, err := ioutil.ReadFile(certFile)
+	pemData, err := os.ReadFile(certFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to open TLS cert file: %s", err)
 	}
--- a/engine/helpers_test.go
+++ b/engine/helpers_test.go
@@ -755,12 +755,9 @@ func TestGetSpecificOrderbook(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	e := CreateTestBot(t)

-	var bids []orderbook.Item
-	bids = append(bids, orderbook.Item{Price: 1000, Amount: 1})
-
 	base := orderbook.Base{
 		Pair:     currency.NewPair(currency.BTC, currency.USD),
-		Bids:     bids,
+		Bids:     []orderbook.Item{{Price: 1000, Amount: 1}},
 		Exchange: "Bitstamp",
 		Asset:    asset.Spot,
 	}
--- a/engine/order_manager_test.go
+++ b/engine/order_manager_test.go
@@ -383,8 +383,7 @@ func TestExists(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := m.orderStore.add(o); err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
-	b := m.orderStore.exists(o)
-	if !b {
+	if b := m.orderStore.exists(o); !b {
 		t.Error("Expected true")
 	}
 }
--- a/engine/portfolio_manager.go
+++ b/engine/portfolio_manager.go
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ func (m *portfolioManager) seedExchangeAccountInfo(accounts []account.Holdings)

 // getExchangeAccountInfo returns all the current enabled exchanges
 func (m *portfolioManager) getExchangeAccountInfo(exchanges []exchange.IBotExchange) []account.Holdings {
-	var response []account.Holdings
+	response := make([]account.Holdings, 0, len(exchanges))
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		if exchanges[x] == nil || !exchanges[x].IsEnabled() {
 			continue
--- a/engine/rpcserver.go
+++ b/engine/rpcserver.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -398,15 +397,16 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetTicker(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetTickerRequest) (
 // enabled currency pairs
 func (s *RPCServer) GetTickers(ctx context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetTickersRequest) (*gctrpc.GetTickersResponse, error) {
 	activeTickers := s.GetAllActiveTickers(ctx)
-	var tickers []*gctrpc.Tickers
+	tickers := make([]*gctrpc.Tickers, len(activeTickers))

 	for x := range activeTickers {
 		t := &gctrpc.Tickers{
 			Exchange: activeTickers[x].ExchangeName,
+			Tickers:  make([]*gctrpc.TickerResponse, len(activeTickers[x].ExchangeValues)),
 		}
 		for y := range activeTickers[x].ExchangeValues {
 			val := activeTickers[x].ExchangeValues[y]
-			t.Tickers = append(t.Tickers, &gctrpc.TickerResponse{
+			t.Tickers[y] = &gctrpc.TickerResponse{
 				Pair: &gctrpc.CurrencyPair{
 					Delimiter: val.Pair.Delimiter,
 					Base:      val.Pair.Base.String(),
@@ -420,9 +420,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetTickers(ctx context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetTickersRequest)
 				Ask:         val.Ask,
 				Volume:      val.Volume,
 				PriceAth:    val.PriceATH,
-			})
+			}
 		}
-		tickers = append(tickers, t)
+		tickers[x] = t
 	}

 	return &gctrpc.GetTickersResponse{Tickers: tickers}, nil
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrderbooks(ctx context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetOrderbooksRe
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var obResponse []*gctrpc.Orderbooks
+	obResponse := make([]*gctrpc.Orderbooks, 0, len(exchanges))
 	var obs []*gctrpc.OrderbookResponse
 	for x := range exchanges {
 		if !exchanges[x].IsEnabled() {
@@ -523,19 +523,20 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrderbooks(ctx context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetOrderbooksRe
 					},
 					AssetType:   assets[y].String(),
 					LastUpdated: s.unixTimestamp(resp.LastUpdated),
+					Bids:        make([]*gctrpc.OrderbookItem, len(resp.Bids)),
+					Asks:        make([]*gctrpc.OrderbookItem, len(resp.Asks)),
 				}
 				for i := range resp.Bids {
-					ob.Bids = append(ob.Bids, &gctrpc.OrderbookItem{
+					ob.Bids[i] = &gctrpc.OrderbookItem{
 						Amount: resp.Bids[i].Amount,
 						Price:  resp.Bids[i].Price,
-					})
+					}
 				}
-
 				for i := range resp.Asks {
-					ob.Asks = append(ob.Asks, &gctrpc.OrderbookItem{
+					ob.Asks[i] = &gctrpc.OrderbookItem{
 						Amount: resp.Asks[i].Amount,
 						Price:  resp.Asks[i].Price,
-					})
+					}
 				}
 				obs = append(obs, ob)
 			}
@@ -600,7 +601,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) UpdateAccountInfo(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetAccountI
 }

 func createAccountInfoRequest(h account.Holdings) (*gctrpc.GetAccountInfoResponse, error) {
-	var accounts []*gctrpc.Account
+	accounts := make([]*gctrpc.Account, len(h.Accounts))
 	for x := range h.Accounts {
 		var a gctrpc.Account
 		a.Id = h.Accounts[x].ID
@@ -621,7 +622,7 @@ func createAccountInfoRequest(h account.Holdings) (*gctrpc.GetAccountInfoRespons
 				Borrowed:          y.Borrowed,
 			})
 		}
-		accounts = append(accounts, &a)
+		accounts[x] = &a
 	}

 	return &gctrpc.GetAccountInfoResponse{Exchange: h.Exchange, Accounts: accounts}, nil
@@ -649,20 +650,20 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetAccountInfoStream(r *gctrpc.GetAccountInfoRequest, stream
 		return err
 	}

-	var accounts []*gctrpc.Account
+	accounts := make([]*gctrpc.Account, len(initAcc.Accounts))
 	for x := range initAcc.Accounts {
-		var subAccounts []*gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo
+		subAccounts := make([]*gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo, len(initAcc.Accounts[x].Currencies))
 		for y := range initAcc.Accounts[x].Currencies {
-			subAccounts = append(subAccounts, &gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo{
+			subAccounts[y] = &gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo{
 				Currency:   initAcc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].CurrencyName.String(),
 				TotalValue: initAcc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].Total,
 				Hold:       initAcc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].Hold,
-			})
+			}
 		}
-		accounts = append(accounts, &gctrpc.Account{
+		accounts[x] = &gctrpc.Account{
 			Id:         initAcc.Accounts[x].ID,
 			Currencies: subAccounts,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	err = stream.Send(&gctrpc.GetAccountInfoResponse{
@@ -691,37 +692,37 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetAccountInfoStream(r *gctrpc.GetAccountInfoRequest, stream
 			return errDispatchSystem
 		}

-		d := *data.(*interface{})
-		if d == nil {
+		d, ok := data.(*interface{})
+		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
 		}

-		acc, ok := d.(account.Holdings)
+		dd := *d
+		acc, ok := dd.(account.Holdings)
 		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert account holdings data")
 		}

-		var accounts []*gctrpc.Account
+		accounts := make([]*gctrpc.Account, len(acc.Accounts))
 		for x := range acc.Accounts {
-			var subAccounts []*gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo
+			subAccounts := make([]*gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo, len(acc.Accounts[x].Currencies))
 			for y := range acc.Accounts[x].Currencies {
-				subAccounts = append(subAccounts, &gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo{
+				subAccounts[y] = &gctrpc.AccountCurrencyInfo{
 					Currency:   acc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].CurrencyName.String(),
 					TotalValue: acc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].Total,
 					Hold:       acc.Accounts[x].Currencies[y].Hold,
-				})
+				}
 			}
-			accounts = append(accounts, &gctrpc.Account{
+			accounts[x] = &gctrpc.Account{
 				Id:         acc.Accounts[x].ID,
 				Currencies: subAccounts,
-			})
+			}
 		}

-		err := stream.Send(&gctrpc.GetAccountInfoResponse{
+		if err := stream.Send(&gctrpc.GetAccountInfoResponse{
 			Exchange: acc.Exchange,
 			Accounts: accounts,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
+		}); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -734,15 +735,15 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetConfig(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetConfigRequest) (*g

 // GetPortfolio returns the portfoliomanager details
 func (s *RPCServer) GetPortfolio(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetPortfolioRequest) (*gctrpc.GetPortfolioResponse, error) {
-	var addrs []*gctrpc.PortfolioAddress
 	botAddrs := s.portfolioManager.GetAddresses()
+	addrs := make([]*gctrpc.PortfolioAddress, len(botAddrs))
 	for x := range botAddrs {
-		addrs = append(addrs, &gctrpc.PortfolioAddress{
+		addrs[x] = &gctrpc.PortfolioAddress{
 			Address:     botAddrs[x].Address,
 			CoinType:    botAddrs[x].CoinType.String(),
 			Description: botAddrs[x].Description,
 			Balance:     botAddrs[x].Balance,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	resp := &gctrpc.GetPortfolioResponse{
@@ -838,9 +839,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetForexProviders(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetForexProvi
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("forex providers is empty")
 	}

-	var forexProviders []*gctrpc.ForexProvider
+	forexProviders := make([]*gctrpc.ForexProvider, len(providers))
 	for x := range providers {
-		forexProviders = append(forexProviders, &gctrpc.ForexProvider{
+		forexProviders[x] = &gctrpc.ForexProvider{
 			Name:             providers[x].Name,
 			Enabled:          providers[x].Enabled,
 			Verbose:          providers[x].Verbose,
@@ -848,7 +849,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetForexProviders(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetForexProvi
 			ApiKey:           providers[x].APIKey,
 			ApiKeyLevel:      int64(providers[x].APIKeyLvl),
 			PrimaryProvider:  providers[x].PrimaryProvider,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	return &gctrpc.GetForexProvidersResponse{ForexProviders: forexProviders}, nil
 }
@@ -864,7 +865,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetForexRates(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetForexRatesRequ
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("forex rates is empty")
 	}

-	var forexRates []*gctrpc.ForexRatesConversion
+	forexRates := make([]*gctrpc.ForexRatesConversion, 0, len(rates))
 	for x := range rates {
 		rate, err := rates[x].GetRate()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -952,9 +953,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrders(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersRequest) (
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var orders []*gctrpc.OrderDetails
+	orders := make([]*gctrpc.OrderDetails, len(resp))
 	for x := range resp {
-		var trades []*gctrpc.TradeHistory
+		trades := make([]*gctrpc.TradeHistory, len(resp[x].Trades))
 		for i := range resp[x].Trades {
 			t := &gctrpc.TradeHistory{
 				Id:        resp[x].Trades[i].TID,
@@ -969,7 +970,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrders(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersRequest) (
 			if !resp[x].Trades[i].Timestamp.IsZero() {
 				t.CreationTime = s.unixTimestamp(resp[x].Trades[i].Timestamp)
 			}
-			trades = append(trades, t)
+			trades[i] = t
 		}
 		o := &gctrpc.OrderDetails{
 			Exchange:      r.Exchange,
@@ -994,7 +995,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrders(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersRequest) (
 		if !resp[x].LastUpdated.IsZero() {
 			o.UpdateTime = s.unixTimestamp(resp[x].LastUpdated)
 		}
-		orders = append(orders, o)
+		orders[x] = o
 	}

 	return &gctrpc.GetOrdersResponse{Orders: orders}, nil
@@ -1041,9 +1042,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetManagedOrders(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersReque
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var orders []*gctrpc.OrderDetails
+	orders := make([]*gctrpc.OrderDetails, len(resp))
 	for x := range resp {
-		var trades []*gctrpc.TradeHistory
+		trades := make([]*gctrpc.TradeHistory, len(resp[x].Trades))
 		for i := range resp[x].Trades {
 			t := &gctrpc.TradeHistory{
 				Id:        resp[x].Trades[i].TID,
@@ -1058,7 +1059,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetManagedOrders(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersReque
 			if !resp[x].Trades[i].Timestamp.IsZero() {
 				t.CreationTime = s.unixTimestamp(resp[x].Trades[i].Timestamp)
 			}
-			trades = append(trades, t)
+			trades[i] = t
 		}
 		o := &gctrpc.OrderDetails{
 			Exchange:      r.Exchange,
@@ -1083,7 +1084,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetManagedOrders(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrdersReque
 		if !resp[x].LastUpdated.IsZero() {
 			o.UpdateTime = s.unixTimestamp(resp[x].LastUpdated)
 		}
-		orders = append(orders, o)
+		orders[x] = o
 	}

 	return &gctrpc.GetOrdersResponse{Orders: orders}, nil
@@ -1128,9 +1129,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrder(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrderRequest) (*g
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error whilst trying to retrieve info for order %s: %w", r.OrderId, err)
 	}
-	var trades []*gctrpc.TradeHistory
+	trades := make([]*gctrpc.TradeHistory, len(result.Trades))
 	for i := range result.Trades {
-		trades = append(trades, &gctrpc.TradeHistory{
+		trades[i] = &gctrpc.TradeHistory{
 			CreationTime: s.unixTimestamp(result.Trades[i].Timestamp),
 			Id:           result.Trades[i].TID,
 			Price:        result.Trades[i].Price,
@@ -1140,7 +1141,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetOrder(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetOrderRequest) (*g
 			OrderSide:    result.Trades[i].Side.String(),
 			Fee:          result.Trades[i].Fee,
 			Total:        result.Trades[i].Total,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	var creationTime, updateTime int64
@@ -1217,14 +1218,14 @@ func (s *RPCServer) SubmitOrder(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.SubmitOrderReques
 		return &gctrpc.SubmitOrderResponse{}, err
 	}

-	var trades []*gctrpc.Trades
+	trades := make([]*gctrpc.Trades, len(resp.Trades))
 	for i := range resp.Trades {
-		trades = append(trades, &gctrpc.Trades{
+		trades[i] = &gctrpc.Trades{
 			Amount:   resp.Trades[i].Amount,
 			Price:    resp.Trades[i].Price,
 			Fee:      resp.Trades[i].Fee,
 			FeeAsset: resp.Trades[i].FeeAsset,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return &gctrpc.SubmitOrderResponse{
@@ -1408,18 +1409,19 @@ func (s *RPCServer) CancelBatchOrders(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.CancelBatch
 	}

 	status := make(map[string]string)
-	var request []order.Cancel
 	orders := strings.Split(r.OrdersId, ",")
-	for _, orderID := range orders {
+	request := make([]order.Cancel, len(orders))
+	for x := range orders {
+		orderID := orders[x]
 		status[orderID] = order.Cancelled.String()
-		request = append(request, order.Cancel{
+		request[x] = order.Cancel{
 			AccountID:     r.AccountId,
 			ID:            orderID,
 			Side:          order.Side(r.Side),
 			WalletAddress: r.WalletAddress,
 			Pair:          pair,
 			AssetType:     assetType,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	// TODO: Change to order manager
@@ -2118,12 +2120,13 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetExchangeOrderbookStream(r *gctrpc.GetExchangeOrderbookStr
 			return errDispatchSystem
 		}

-		d := *data.(*interface{})
-		if d == nil {
+		d, ok := data.(*interface{})
+		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
 		}

-		ob, ok := d.(orderbook.Base)
+		dd := *d
+		ob, ok := dd.(orderbook.Base)
 		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert orderbook data")
 		}
@@ -2201,12 +2204,13 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetTickerStream(r *gctrpc.GetTickerStreamRequest, stream gct
 			return errDispatchSystem
 		}

-		d := *data.(*interface{})
-		if d == nil {
+		d, ok := data.(*interface{})
+		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
 		}

-		t, ok := d.(ticker.Price)
+		dd := *d
+		t, ok := dd.(ticker.Price)
 		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert ticker data")
 		}
@@ -2259,12 +2263,13 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetExchangeTickerStream(r *gctrpc.GetExchangeTickerStreamReq
 			return errDispatchSystem
 		}

-		d := *data.(*interface{})
-		if d == nil {
+		d, ok := data.(*interface{})
+		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert data")
 		}

-		t, ok := d.(ticker.Price)
+		dd := *d
+		t, ok := dd.(ticker.Price)
 		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("unable to type assert ticker data")
 		}
@@ -2453,16 +2458,16 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetHistoricCandles(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetHistori
 }

 func fillMissingCandlesWithStoredTrades(startTime, endTime time.Time, klineItem *kline.Item) (*kline.Item, error) {
-	var response kline.Item
-	var candleTimes []time.Time
+	candleTimes := make([]time.Time, len(klineItem.Candles))
 	for i := range klineItem.Candles {
-		candleTimes = append(candleTimes, klineItem.Candles[i].Time)
+		candleTimes[i] = klineItem.Candles[i].Time
 	}
 	ranges, err := timeperiods.FindTimeRangesContainingData(startTime, endTime, klineItem.Interval.Duration(), candleTimes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	var response kline.Item
 	for i := range ranges {
 		if ranges[i].HasDataInRange {
 			continue
@@ -2552,24 +2557,30 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GCTScriptQuery(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryRe
 		return &gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: err.Error()}, nil
 	}

-	if v, f := gctscript.AllVMSync.Load(UUID); f {
-		resp := &gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryResponse{
-			Status: MsgStatusOK,
-			Script: &gctrpc.GCTScript{
-				Name:    v.(*gctscript.VM).ShortName(),
-				UUID:    v.(*gctscript.VM).ID.String(),
-				Path:    v.(*gctscript.VM).Path,
-				NextRun: v.(*gctscript.VM).NextRun.String(),
-			},
-		}
-		data, err := v.(*gctscript.VM).Read()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		resp.Data = string(data)
-		return resp, nil
+	v, f := gctscript.AllVMSync.Load(UUID)
+	if !f {
+		return &gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: "UUID not found"}, nil
 	}
-	return &gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: "UUID not found"}, nil
+
+	vm, ok := v.(*gctscript.VM)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert gctscript.VM")
+	}
+	resp := &gctrpc.GCTScriptQueryResponse{
+		Status: MsgStatusOK,
+		Script: &gctrpc.GCTScript{
+			Name:    vm.ShortName(),
+			UUID:    vm.ID.String(),
+			Path:    vm.Path,
+			NextRun: vm.NextRun.String(),
+		},
+	}
+	data, err := vm.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resp.Data = string(data)
+	return resp, nil
 }

 // GCTScriptExecute execute a script
@@ -2614,15 +2625,21 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GCTScriptStop(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GCTScriptStopRequ
 		return &gctrpc.GenericResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: err.Error()}, nil // nolint:nilerr // error is returned in the generic response
 	}

-	if v, f := gctscript.AllVMSync.Load(UUID); f {
-		err = v.(*gctscript.VM).Shutdown()
-		status := " terminated"
-		if err != nil {
-			status = " " + err.Error()
-		}
-		return &gctrpc.GenericResponse{Status: MsgStatusOK, Data: v.(*gctscript.VM).ID.String() + status}, nil
+	v, f := gctscript.AllVMSync.Load(UUID)
+	if !f {
+		return &gctrpc.GenericResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: "no running script found"}, nil
 	}
-	return &gctrpc.GenericResponse{Status: MsgStatusError, Data: "no running script found"}, nil
+
+	vm, ok := v.(*gctscript.VM)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert gctscript.VM")
+	}
+	err = vm.Shutdown()
+	status := " terminated"
+	if err != nil {
+		status = " " + err.Error()
+	}
+	return &gctrpc.GenericResponse{Status: MsgStatusOK, Data: vm.ID.String() + status}, nil
 }

 // GCTScriptUpload upload a new script to ScriptPath
@@ -2642,7 +2659,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GCTScriptUpload(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GCTScriptUpload
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s script found and overwrite set to false", r.ScriptName)
 		}
 		f := filepath.Join(gctscript.ScriptPath, "version_history")
-		err = os.MkdirAll(f, 0770)
+		err = os.MkdirAll(f, file.DefaultPermissionOctal)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -2726,7 +2743,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GCTScriptReadScript(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GCTScriptRe
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(filename, filepath.Clean(gctscript.ScriptPath)+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: invalid file path", filename)
 	}
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -3271,9 +3288,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) FindMissingSavedCandleIntervals(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc
 		Pair:           r.Pair,
 		MissingPeriods: []string{},
 	}
-	var candleTimes []time.Time
+	candleTimes := make([]time.Time, len(klineItem.Candles))
 	for i := range klineItem.Candles {
-		candleTimes = append(candleTimes, klineItem.Candles[i].Time)
+		candleTimes[i] = klineItem.Candles[i].Time
 	}
 	var ranges []timeperiods.TimeRange
 	ranges, err = timeperiods.FindTimeRangesContainingData(start, end, klineItem.Interval.Duration(), candleTimes)
@@ -3373,9 +3390,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) FindMissingSavedTradeIntervals(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.
 		Pair:           r.Pair,
 		MissingPeriods: []string{},
 	}
-	var tradeTimes []time.Time
+	tradeTimes := make([]time.Time, len(trades))
 	for i := range trades {
-		tradeTimes = append(tradeTimes, trades[i].Timestamp)
+		tradeTimes[i] = trades[i].Timestamp
 	}
 	var ranges []timeperiods.TimeRange
 	ranges, err = timeperiods.FindTimeRangesContainingData(start, end, time.Hour, tradeTimes)
@@ -3892,9 +3909,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetActiveDataHistoryJobs(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetInf
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var response []*gctrpc.DataHistoryJob
+	response := make([]*gctrpc.DataHistoryJob, len(jobs))
 	for i := range jobs {
-		response = append(response, &gctrpc.DataHistoryJob{
+		response[i] = &gctrpc.DataHistoryJob{
 			Id:       jobs[i].ID.String(),
 			Nickname: jobs[i].Nickname,
 			Exchange: jobs[i].Exchange,
@@ -3919,7 +3936,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetActiveDataHistoryJobs(_ context.Context, _ *gctrpc.GetInf
 			SecondaryExchangeName:    jobs[i].SecondaryExchangeSource,
 			IssueTolerancePercentage: jobs[i].IssueTolerancePercentage,
 			ReplaceOnIssue:           jobs[i].ReplaceOnIssue,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	return &gctrpc.DataHistoryJobs{Results: response}, nil
 }
@@ -3946,9 +3963,9 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetDataHistoryJobsBetween(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetDa
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var respJobs []*gctrpc.DataHistoryJob
+	respJobs := make([]*gctrpc.DataHistoryJob, len(jobs))
 	for i := range jobs {
-		respJobs = append(respJobs, &gctrpc.DataHistoryJob{
+		respJobs[i] = &gctrpc.DataHistoryJob{
 			Id:       jobs[i].ID.String(),
 			Nickname: jobs[i].Nickname,
 			Exchange: jobs[i].Exchange,
@@ -3973,7 +3990,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetDataHistoryJobsBetween(_ context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetDa
 			SecondaryExchangeName:    jobs[i].SecondaryExchangeSource,
 			IssueTolerancePercentage: jobs[i].IssueTolerancePercentage,
 			ReplaceOnIssue:           jobs[i].ReplaceOnIssue,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	return &gctrpc.DataHistoryJobs{
 		Results: respJobs,
@@ -4309,17 +4326,15 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetCollateral(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetCollateralRe
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var calculators []order.CollateralCalculator
-	var acc *account.SubAccount
-	var subAccounts []string
-
 	creds, err := exch.GetBase().GetCredentials(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	subAccounts := make([]string, len(ai.Accounts))
+	var acc *account.SubAccount
 	for i := range ai.Accounts {
-		subAccounts = append(subAccounts, ai.Accounts[i].ID)
+		subAccounts[i] = ai.Accounts[i].ID
 		if ai.Accounts[i].ID == "main" && creds.SubAccount == "" {
 			acc = &ai.Accounts[i]
 			break
@@ -4344,6 +4359,7 @@ func (s *RPCServer) GetCollateral(ctx context.Context, r *gctrpc.GetCollateralRe
 		}
 	}

+	calculators := make([]order.CollateralCalculator, 0, len(acc.Currencies))
 	for i := range acc.Currencies {
 		total := decimal.NewFromFloat(acc.Currencies[i].Total)
 		free := decimal.NewFromFloat(acc.Currencies[i].AvailableWithoutBorrow)
--- a/engine/withdraw_manager.go
+++ b/engine/withdraw_manager.go
@@ -99,7 +99,11 @@ func (m *WithdrawManager) WithdrawalEventByID(id string) (*withdraw.Response, er
 		return nil, ErrNilSubsystem
 	}
 	if v := withdraw.Cache.Get(id); v != nil {
-		return v.(*withdraw.Response), nil
+		wdResp, ok := v.(*withdraw.Response)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert withdraw.Response")
+		}
+		return wdResp, nil
 	}

 	l, err := dbwithdraw.GetEventByUUID(id)
--- a/exchanges/account/account.go
+++ b/exchanges/account/account.go
@@ -26,15 +26,13 @@ func CollectBalances(accountBalances map[string][]Balance, assetType asset.Item)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s, %w", assetType, asset.ErrNotSupported)
 	}

-	accounts = make([]SubAccount, len(accountBalances))
-	i := 0
+	accounts = make([]SubAccount, 0, len(accountBalances))
 	for accountID, balances := range accountBalances {
-		accounts[i] = SubAccount{
+		accounts = append(accounts, SubAccount{
 			ID:         accountID,
 			AssetType:  assetType,
 			Currencies: balances,
-		}
-		i++
+		})
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -42,16 +40,16 @@ func CollectBalances(accountBalances map[string][]Balance, assetType asset.Item)
 // SubscribeToExchangeAccount subcribes to your exchange account
 func SubscribeToExchangeAccount(exchange string) (dispatch.Pipe, error) {
 	exchange = strings.ToLower(exchange)
-	service.Lock()
+	service.mu.Lock()

 	acc, ok := service.accounts[exchange]
 	if !ok {
-		service.Unlock()
+		service.mu.Unlock()
 		return dispatch.Pipe{},
 			fmt.Errorf("%s exchange account holdings not found", exchange)
 	}

-	defer service.Unlock()
+	defer service.mu.Unlock()
 	return service.mux.Subscribe(acc.ID)
 }

@@ -80,8 +78,8 @@ func GetHoldings(exch string, assetType asset.Item) (Holdings, error) {
 		return Holdings{}, fmt.Errorf("assetType %v is invalid", assetType)
 	}

-	service.Lock()
-	defer service.Unlock()
+	service.mu.Lock()
+	defer service.mu.Unlock()
 	h, ok := service.accounts[exch]
 	if !ok {
 		return Holdings{}, errors.New("exchange account holdings not found")
@@ -97,22 +95,22 @@ func GetHoldings(exch string, assetType asset.Item) (Holdings, error) {
 // Update updates holdings with new account info
 func (s *Service) Update(a *Holdings) error {
 	exch := strings.ToLower(a.Exchange)
-	s.Lock()
+	s.mu.Lock()
 	acc, ok := s.accounts[exch]
 	if !ok {
 		id, err := s.mux.GetID()
 		if err != nil {
-			s.Unlock()
+			s.mu.Unlock()
 			return err
 		}

 		s.accounts[exch] = &Account{h: a, ID: id}
-		s.Unlock()
+		s.mu.Unlock()
 		return nil
 	}

 	acc.h.Accounts = a.Accounts
-	defer s.Unlock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()

 	return s.mux.Publish([]uuid.UUID{acc.ID}, acc.h)
 }
--- a/exchanges/account/account_types.go
+++ b/exchanges/account/account_types.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ var (
 type Service struct {
 	accounts map[string]*Account
 	mux      *dispatch.Mux
-	sync.Mutex
+	mu       sync.Mutex
 }

 // Account holds a stream ID and a pointer to the exchange holdings
--- a/exchanges/alphapoint/alphapoint_wrapper.go
+++ b/exchanges/alphapoint/alphapoint_wrapper.go
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ func (a *Alphapoint) UpdateAccountInfo(ctx context.Context, assetType asset.Item
 		return response, err
 	}

-	var balances []account.Balance
+	balances := make([]account.Balance, len(acc.Currencies))
 	for i := range acc.Currencies {
-		balances = append(balances, account.Balance{
+		balances[i] = account.Balance{
 			CurrencyName: currency.NewCode(acc.Currencies[i].Name),
 			Total:        float64(acc.Currencies[i].Balance),
 			Hold:         float64(acc.Currencies[i].Hold),
 			Free:         float64(acc.Currencies[i].Balance) - float64(acc.Currencies[i].Hold),
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	response.Accounts = append(response.Accounts, account.SubAccount{
@@ -181,18 +181,20 @@ func (a *Alphapoint) UpdateOrderbook(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, asset
 		return orderBook, err
 	}

+	orderBook.Bids = make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Bids))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Bids {
-		orderBook.Bids = append(orderBook.Bids, orderbook.Item{
+		orderBook.Bids[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Bids[x].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Bids[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}

+	orderBook.Asks = make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Asks))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Asks {
-		orderBook.Asks = append(orderBook.Asks, orderbook.Item{
+		orderBook.Asks[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Asks[x].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Asks[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	orderBook.Pair = p
--- a/exchanges/asset/asset.go
+++ b/exchanges/asset/asset.go
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ func (a Item) String() string {

 // Strings converts an asset type array to a string array
 func (a Items) Strings() []string {
-	var assets []string
+	assets := make([]string, len(a))
 	for x := range a {
-		assets = append(assets, string(a[x]))
+		assets[x] = a[x].String()
 	}
 	return assets
 }
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance.go
@@ -119,16 +119,15 @@ func (b *Binance) GetExchangeInfo(ctx context.Context) (ExchangeInfo, error) {
 // OrderBookDataRequestParams contains the following members
 // symbol: string of currency pair
 // limit: returned limit amount
-func (b *Binance) GetOrderBook(ctx context.Context, obd OrderBookDataRequestParams) (OrderBook, error) {
-	var orderbook OrderBook
+func (b *Binance) GetOrderBook(ctx context.Context, obd OrderBookDataRequestParams) (*OrderBook, error) {
 	if err := b.CheckLimit(obd.Limit); err != nil {
-		return orderbook, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

 	params := url.Values{}
 	symbol, err := b.FormatSymbol(obd.Symbol, asset.Spot)
 	if err != nil {
-		return orderbook, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	params.Set("symbol", symbol)
 	params.Set("limit", fmt.Sprintf("%d", obd.Limit))
@@ -138,52 +137,54 @@ func (b *Binance) GetOrderBook(ctx context.Context, obd OrderBookDataRequestPara
 		exchange.RestSpotSupplementary,
 		orderBookDepth+"?"+params.Encode(),
 		orderbookLimit(obd.Limit), &resp); err != nil {
-		return orderbook, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	orderbook := OrderBook{
+		Bids:         make([]OrderbookItem, len(resp.Bids)),
+		Asks:         make([]OrderbookItem, len(resp.Asks)),
+		LastUpdateID: resp.LastUpdateID,
+	}
 	for x := range resp.Bids {
 		price, err := strconv.ParseFloat(resp.Bids[x][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return orderbook, err
+			return nil, err
 		}

 		amount, err := strconv.ParseFloat(resp.Bids[x][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return orderbook, err
+			return nil, err
 		}

-		orderbook.Bids = append(orderbook.Bids, OrderbookItem{
+		orderbook.Bids[x] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: amount,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	for x := range resp.Asks {
 		price, err := strconv.ParseFloat(resp.Asks[x][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return orderbook, err
+			return nil, err
 		}

 		amount, err := strconv.ParseFloat(resp.Asks[x][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return orderbook, err
+			return nil, err
 		}

-		orderbook.Asks = append(orderbook.Asks, OrderbookItem{
+		orderbook.Asks[x] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: amount,
-		})
+		}
 	}

-	orderbook.LastUpdateID = resp.LastUpdateID
-	return orderbook, nil
+	return &orderbook, nil
 }

 // GetMostRecentTrades returns recent trade activity
 // limit: Up to 500 results returned
 func (b *Binance) GetMostRecentTrades(ctx context.Context, rtr RecentTradeRequestParams) ([]RecentTrade, error) {
-	var resp []RecentTrade
-
 	params := url.Values{}
 	symbol, err := b.FormatSymbol(rtr.Symbol, asset.Spot)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -194,6 +195,7 @@ func (b *Binance) GetMostRecentTrades(ctx context.Context, rtr RecentTradeReques

 	path := recentTrades + "?" + params.Encode()

+	var resp []RecentTrade
 	return resp, b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx,
 		exchange.RestSpotSupplementary, path, spotDefaultRate, &resp)
 }
@@ -356,14 +358,12 @@ func (b *Binance) batchAggregateTrades(ctx context.Context, arg *AggregatedTrade
 // startTime: startTime filter for kline data
 // endTime: endTime filter for the kline data
 func (b *Binance) GetSpotKline(ctx context.Context, arg *KlinesRequestParams) ([]CandleStick, error) {
-	var resp interface{}
-	var klineData []CandleStick
-
-	params := url.Values{}
 	symbol, err := b.FormatSymbol(arg.Symbol, asset.Spot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("symbol", symbol)
 	params.Set("interval", arg.Interval)
 	if arg.Limit != 0 {
@@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ func (b *Binance) GetSpotKline(ctx context.Context, arg *KlinesRequestParams) ([
 	}

 	path := candleStick + "?" + params.Encode()
+	var resp interface{}

 	err = b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx,
 		exchange.RestSpotSupplementary,
@@ -390,6 +391,8 @@ func (b *Binance) GetSpotKline(ctx context.Context, arg *KlinesRequestParams) ([
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert responseData")
 	}
+
+	klineData := make([]CandleStick, len(responseData))
 	for x := range responseData {
 		individualData, ok := responseData[x].([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
@@ -432,7 +435,7 @@ func (b *Binance) GetSpotKline(ctx context.Context, arg *KlinesRequestParams) ([
 		if candle.TakerBuyQuoteAssetVolume, err = convert.FloatFromString(individualData[10]); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		klineData = append(klineData, candle)
+		klineData[x] = candle
 	}
 	return klineData, nil
 }
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_cfutures.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_cfutures.go
@@ -82,10 +82,18 @@ func (b *Binance) FuturesExchangeInfo(ctx context.Context) (CExchangeInfo, error
 }

 // GetFuturesOrderbook gets orderbook data for CoinMarginedFutures,
-func (b *Binance) GetFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, limit int64) (OrderBook, error) {
-	var resp OrderBook
-	var data OrderbookData
+func (b *Binance) GetFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, limit int64) (*OrderBook, error) {
+	symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.CoinMarginedFutures)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
+	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1000 {
+		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
+	}
+
 	rateBudget := cFuturesDefaultRate
 	switch {
 	case limit == 5, limit == 10, limit == 20, limit == 50:
@@ -97,48 +105,47 @@ func (b *Binance) GetFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair,
 	case limit == 1000:
 		rateBudget = cFuturesOrderbook1000Rate
 	}
-	symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.CoinMarginedFutures)
-	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
-	}
-	params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
-	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1000 {
-		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
-	}
+
+	var data OrderbookData
 	err = b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestCoinMargined, cfuturesOrderbook+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	var resp OrderBook
 	var price, quantity float64
+	resp.Asks = make([]OrderbookItem, len(data.Asks))
 	for x := range data.Asks {
 		price, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Asks[x][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		quantity, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Asks[x][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		resp.Asks = append(resp.Asks, OrderbookItem{
+		resp.Asks[x] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: quantity,
-		})
+		}
 	}
+
+	resp.Bids = make([]OrderbookItem, len(data.Bids))
 	for y := range data.Bids {
 		price, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Bids[y][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		quantity, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Bids[y][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		resp.Bids = append(resp.Bids, OrderbookItem{
+		resp.Bids[y] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: quantity,
-		})
+		}
 	}
-	return resp, nil
+	return &resp, nil
 }

 // GetFuturesPublicTrades gets recent public trades for CoinMarginedFutures,
@@ -232,13 +239,11 @@ func (b *Binance) GetIndexAndMarkPrice(ctx context.Context, symbol, pair string)

 // GetFuturesKlineData gets futures kline data for CoinMarginedFutures,
 func (b *Binance) GetFuturesKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval string, limit int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]FuturesCandleStick, error) {
-	var data [][10]interface{}
-	var resp []FuturesCandleStick
 	params := url.Values{}
 	if !symbol.IsEmpty() {
 		symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.CoinMarginedFutures)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
 	}
@@ -246,453 +251,462 @@ func (b *Binance) GetFuturesKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair,
 		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
 	}
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validFuturesIntervals, interval) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
 	}
 	params.Set("interval", interval)
 	if !startTime.IsZero() && !endTime.IsZero() {
 		if startTime.After(endTime) {
-			return resp, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
+			return nil, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
 		}
 		params.Set("start_time", strconv.FormatInt(startTime.Unix(), 10))
 		params.Set("end_time", strconv.FormatInt(endTime.Unix(), 10))
 	}
+
+	var data [][10]interface{}
 	rateBudget := getKlineRateBudget(limit)
 	err := b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestCoinMargined, cfuturesKlineData+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	var floatData float64
-	var strData string
-	var ok bool
-	var tempData FuturesCandleStick
+
+	resp := make([]FuturesCandleStick, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
+		var floatData float64
+		var strData string
+		var ok bool
+		var tempData FuturesCandleStick
 		floatData, ok = data[x][0].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
 		}
 		tempData.OpenTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][1].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Open = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][2].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.High = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][3].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Low = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][4].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Close = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][5].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Volume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][6].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
 		}
 		tempData.CloseTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][7].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.BaseAssetVolume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][8].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyVolume = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][9].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyBaseAssetVolume = floatData
-		resp = append(resp, tempData)
+		resp[x] = tempData
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }

 // GetContinuousKlineData gets continuous kline data
 func (b *Binance) GetContinuousKlineData(ctx context.Context, pair, contractType, interval string, limit int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]FuturesCandleStick, error) {
-	var data [][10]interface{}
-	var resp []FuturesCandleStick
 	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("pair", pair)
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validContractType, contractType) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid contractType")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid contractType")
 	}
 	params.Set("contractType", contractType)
 	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1500 {
 		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
 	}
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validFuturesIntervals, interval) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
 	}
 	params.Set("interval", interval)
 	if !startTime.IsZero() && !endTime.IsZero() {
 		if startTime.After(endTime) {
-			return resp, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
+			return nil, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
 		}
 		params.Set("start_time", strconv.FormatInt(startTime.Unix(), 10))
 		params.Set("end_time", strconv.FormatInt(endTime.Unix(), 10))
 	}

 	rateBudget := getKlineRateBudget(limit)
+	var data [][10]interface{}
 	err := b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestCoinMargined, cfuturesContinuousKline+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	var floatData float64
-	var strData string
-	var ok bool
-	var tempData FuturesCandleStick
+
+	resp := make([]FuturesCandleStick, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
+		var floatData float64
+		var strData string
+		var ok bool
+		var tempData FuturesCandleStick
 		floatData, ok = data[x][0].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
 		}
 		tempData.OpenTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][1].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Open = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][2].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.High = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][3].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Low = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][4].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Close = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][5].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Volume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][6].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
 		}
 		tempData.CloseTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][7].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.BaseAssetVolume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][8].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyVolume = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][9].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyBaseAssetVolume = floatData
-		resp = append(resp, tempData)
+		resp[x] = tempData
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }

 // GetIndexPriceKlines gets continuous kline data
 func (b *Binance) GetIndexPriceKlines(ctx context.Context, pair, interval string, limit int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]FuturesCandleStick, error) {
-	var data [][10]interface{}
-	var resp []FuturesCandleStick
 	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("pair", pair)
 	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1500 {
 		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
 	}
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validFuturesIntervals, interval) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
 	}
 	params.Set("interval", interval)
 	if !startTime.IsZero() && !endTime.IsZero() {
 		if startTime.After(endTime) {
-			return resp, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
+			return nil, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
 		}
 		params.Set("start_time", strconv.FormatInt(startTime.Unix(), 10))
 		params.Set("end_time", strconv.FormatInt(endTime.Unix(), 10))
 	}
+
 	rateBudget := getKlineRateBudget(limit)
+	var data [][10]interface{}
 	err := b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestCoinMargined, cfuturesIndexKline+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	var floatData float64
-	var strData string
-	var ok bool
-	var tempData FuturesCandleStick
+
+	resp := make([]FuturesCandleStick, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
+		var floatData float64
+		var strData string
+		var ok bool
+		var tempData FuturesCandleStick
 		floatData, ok = data[x][0].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
 		}
 		tempData.OpenTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][1].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Open = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][2].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.High = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][3].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Low = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][4].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Close = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][5].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Volume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][6].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
 		}
 		tempData.CloseTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][7].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.BaseAssetVolume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][8].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyVolume = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][9].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyBaseAssetVolume = floatData
-		resp = append(resp, tempData)
+		resp[x] = tempData
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }

 // GetMarkPriceKline gets mark price kline data
 func (b *Binance) GetMarkPriceKline(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval string, limit int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]FuturesCandleStick, error) {
-	var data [][10]interface{}
-	var resp []FuturesCandleStick
-	params := url.Values{}
 	symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.CoinMarginedFutures)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
 	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1500 {
 		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
 	}
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validFuturesIntervals, interval) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid interval parsed")
 	}
 	params.Set("interval", interval)
 	if !startTime.IsZero() && !endTime.IsZero() {
 		if startTime.After(endTime) {
-			return resp, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
+			return nil, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
 		}
 		params.Set("start_time", strconv.FormatInt(startTime.Unix(), 10))
 		params.Set("end_time", strconv.FormatInt(endTime.Unix(), 10))
 	}
+
+	var data [][10]interface{}
 	rateBudget := getKlineRateBudget(limit)
 	err = b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestCoinMargined, cfuturesMarkPriceKline+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	var floatData float64
-	var strData string
-	var ok bool
-	var tempData FuturesCandleStick
+
+	resp := make([]FuturesCandleStick, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
+		var floatData float64
+		var strData string
+		var ok bool
+		var tempData FuturesCandleStick
 		floatData, ok = data[x][0].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open time")
 		}
 		tempData.OpenTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][1].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Open = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][2].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.High = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][3].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Low = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][4].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Close = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][5].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Volume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][6].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
 		}
 		tempData.CloseTime = time.Unix(int64(floatData), 0)
 		strData, ok = data[x][7].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.BaseAssetVolume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][8].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyVolume = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][9].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyBaseAssetVolume = floatData
-		resp = append(resp, tempData)
+		resp[x] = tempData
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
@@ -1466,12 +1480,12 @@ func (b *Binance) FuturesPositionsADLEstimate(ctx context.Context, symbol curren

 // FetchCoinMarginExchangeLimits fetches coin margined order execution limits
 func (b *Binance) FetchCoinMarginExchangeLimits(ctx context.Context) ([]order.MinMaxLevel, error) {
-	var limits []order.MinMaxLevel
 	coinFutures, err := b.FuturesExchangeInfo(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	limits := make([]order.MinMaxLevel, 0, len(coinFutures.Symbols))
 	for x := range coinFutures.Symbols {
 		symbol := strings.Split(coinFutures.Symbols[x].Symbol, currency.UnderscoreDelimiter)
 		var cp currency.Pair
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_live_test.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_live_test.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 		log.Fatal("Binance setup error", err)
 	}
 	b.setupOrderbookManager()
+	request.MaxRequestJobs = 100
 	b.Websocket.DataHandler = sharedtestvalues.GetWebsocketInterfaceChannelOverride()
 	log.Printf(sharedtestvalues.LiveTesting, b.Name)
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_mock_test.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_mock_test.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/config"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges/mock"
+	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges/request"
 	"github.com/thrasher-corp/gocryptotrader/exchanges/sharedtestvalues"
 )

@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
+	request.MaxRequestJobs = 100
 	log.Printf(sharedtestvalues.MockTesting, b.Name)
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_ufutures.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_ufutures.go
@@ -84,22 +84,22 @@ func (b *Binance) UExchangeInfo(ctx context.Context) (UFuturesExchangeInfo, erro
 }

 // UFuturesOrderbook gets orderbook data for usdt margined futures
-func (b *Binance) UFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, limit int64) (OrderBook, error) {
-	var resp OrderBook
-	var data OrderbookData
-	params := url.Values{}
+func (b *Binance) UFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, limit int64) (*OrderBook, error) {
 	symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.USDTMarginedFutures)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
 	strLimit := strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10)
 	if strLimit != "" {
 		if !common.StringDataCompare(uValidOBLimits, strLimit) {
-			return resp, fmt.Errorf("invalid limit: %v", limit)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid limit: %v", limit)
 		}
 		params.Set("limit", strLimit)
 	}
+
 	rateBudget := uFuturesDefaultRate
 	switch {
 	case limit == 5, limit == 10, limit == 20, limit == 50:
@@ -111,42 +111,50 @@ func (b *Binance) UFuturesOrderbook(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, l
 	case limit == 1000:
 		rateBudget = uFuturesOrderbook1000Rate
 	}
+
+	var data OrderbookData
 	err = b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestUSDTMargined, ufuturesOrderbook+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	resp.Symbol = symbolValue
-	resp.LastUpdateID = data.LastUpdateID
+
+	resp := OrderBook{
+		Symbol:       symbolValue,
+		LastUpdateID: data.LastUpdateID,
+		Bids:         make([]OrderbookItem, len(data.Bids)),
+		Asks:         make([]OrderbookItem, len(data.Asks)),
+	}
+
 	var price, quantity float64
 	for x := range data.Asks {
 		price, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Asks[x][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		quantity, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Asks[x][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		resp.Asks = append(resp.Asks, OrderbookItem{
+		resp.Asks[x] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: quantity,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	for y := range data.Bids {
 		price, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Bids[y][0], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		quantity, err = strconv.ParseFloat(data.Bids[y][1], 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		resp.Bids = append(resp.Bids, OrderbookItem{
+		resp.Bids[y] = OrderbookItem{
 			Price:    price,
 			Quantity: quantity,
-		})
+		}
 	}
-	return resp, nil
+	return &resp, nil
 }

 // URecentTrades gets recent trades for usdt margined futures
@@ -212,16 +220,14 @@ func (b *Binance) UCompressedTrades(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, f

 // UKlineData gets kline data for usdt margined futures
 func (b *Binance) UKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval string, limit int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]FuturesCandleStick, error) {
-	var data [][10]interface{}
-	var resp []FuturesCandleStick
 	params := url.Values{}
 	symbolValue, err := b.FormatSymbol(symbol, asset.USDTMarginedFutures)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	params.Set("symbol", symbolValue)
 	if !common.StringDataCompare(validFuturesIntervals, interval) {
-		return resp, errors.New("invalid interval")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid interval")
 	}
 	params.Set("interval", interval)
 	if limit > 0 && limit <= 1500 {
@@ -229,7 +235,7 @@ func (b *Binance) UKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval
 	}
 	if !startTime.IsZero() && !endTime.IsZero() {
 		if startTime.After(endTime) {
-			return resp, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
+			return nil, errors.New("startTime cannot be after endTime")
 		}
 		params.Set("startTime", timeString(startTime))
 		params.Set("endTime", timeString(endTime))
@@ -245,71 +251,76 @@ func (b *Binance) UKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval
 	case limit > 1000:
 		rateBudget = uFuturesKlineMaxRate
 	}
+
+	var data [][10]interface{}
 	err = b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestUSDTMargined, ufuturesKlineData+params.Encode(), rateBudget, &data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	var tempData FuturesCandleStick
-	var floatData float64
-	var strData string
-	var ok bool
+
+	resp := make([]FuturesCandleStick, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
+		var tempData FuturesCandleStick
+		var floatData float64
+		var strData string
+		var ok bool
+
 		floatData, ok = data[x][0].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for opentime")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for opentime")
 		}
 		tempData.OpenTime, err = convert.TimeFromUnixTimestampFloat(floatData)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		strData, ok = data[x][1].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for open")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Open = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][2].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for high")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.High = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][3].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for low")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Low = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][4].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Close = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][5].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.Volume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][6].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for close time")
 		}
 		tempData.CloseTime, err = convert.TimeFromUnixTimestampFloat(floatData)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -317,28 +328,28 @@ func (b *Binance) UKlineData(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, interval
 		}
 		strData, ok = data[x][7].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.BaseAssetVolume = floatData
 		floatData, ok = data[x][8].(float64)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy volume")
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyVolume = floatData
 		strData, ok = data[x][9].(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return resp, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
+			return nil, errors.New("type assertion failed for taker buy base asset volume")
 		}
 		floatData, err = strconv.ParseFloat(strData, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return resp, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		tempData.TakerBuyBaseAssetVolume = floatData
-		resp = append(resp, tempData)
+		resp[x] = tempData
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
@@ -1139,12 +1150,12 @@ func (b *Binance) GetFundingRates(ctx context.Context, symbol currency.Pair, lim

 // FetchUSDTMarginExchangeLimits fetches USDT margined order execution limits
 func (b *Binance) FetchUSDTMarginExchangeLimits(ctx context.Context) ([]order.MinMaxLevel, error) {
-	var limits []order.MinMaxLevel
 	usdtFutures, err := b.UExchangeInfo(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	limits := make([]order.MinMaxLevel, 0, len(usdtFutures.Symbols))
 	for x := range usdtFutures.Symbols {
 		var cp currency.Pair
 		cp, err = currency.NewPairFromStrings(usdtFutures.Symbols[x].BaseAsset,
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_websocket.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_websocket.go
@@ -482,31 +482,32 @@ func (b *Binance) SeedLocalCache(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return b.SeedLocalCacheWithBook(p, &ob)
+	return b.SeedLocalCacheWithBook(p, ob)
 }

 // SeedLocalCacheWithBook seeds the local orderbook cache
 func (b *Binance) SeedLocalCacheWithBook(p currency.Pair, orderbookNew *OrderBook) error {
-	var newOrderBook orderbook.Base
+	newOrderBook := orderbook.Base{
+		Pair:            p,
+		Asset:           asset.Spot,
+		Exchange:        b.Name,
+		LastUpdateID:    orderbookNew.LastUpdateID,
+		VerifyOrderbook: b.CanVerifyOrderbook,
+		Bids:            make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Bids)),
+		Asks:            make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Asks)),
+	}
 	for i := range orderbookNew.Bids {
-		newOrderBook.Bids = append(newOrderBook.Bids, orderbook.Item{
+		newOrderBook.Bids[i] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Bids[i].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Bids[i].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	for i := range orderbookNew.Asks {
-		newOrderBook.Asks = append(newOrderBook.Asks, orderbook.Item{
+		newOrderBook.Asks[i] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Asks[i].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Asks[i].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}
-
-	newOrderBook.Pair = p
-	newOrderBook.Asset = asset.Spot
-	newOrderBook.Exchange = b.Name
-	newOrderBook.LastUpdateID = orderbookNew.LastUpdateID
-	newOrderBook.VerifyOrderbook = b.CanVerifyOrderbook
-
 	return b.Websocket.Orderbook.LoadSnapshot(&newOrderBook)
 }

@@ -626,7 +627,7 @@ func (b *Binance) Unsubscribe(channelsToUnsubscribe []stream.ChannelSubscription

 // ProcessUpdate processes the websocket orderbook update
 func (b *Binance) ProcessUpdate(cp currency.Pair, a asset.Item, ws *WebsocketDepthStream) error {
-	var updateBid []orderbook.Item
+	updateBid := make([]orderbook.Item, len(ws.UpdateBids))
 	for i := range ws.UpdateBids {
 		price, ok := ws.UpdateBids[i][0].(string)
 		if !ok {
@@ -644,10 +645,10 @@ func (b *Binance) ProcessUpdate(cp currency.Pair, a asset.Item, ws *WebsocketDep
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		updateBid = append(updateBid, orderbook.Item{Price: p, Amount: a})
+		updateBid[i] = orderbook.Item{Price: p, Amount: a}
 	}

-	var updateAsk []orderbook.Item
+	updateAsk := make([]orderbook.Item, len(ws.UpdateAsks))
 	for i := range ws.UpdateAsks {
 		price, ok := ws.UpdateAsks[i][0].(string)
 		if !ok {
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ func (b *Binance) ProcessUpdate(cp currency.Pair, a asset.Item, ws *WebsocketDep
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		updateAsk = append(updateAsk, orderbook.Item{Price: p, Amount: a})
+		updateAsk[i] = orderbook.Item{Price: p, Amount: a}
 	}

 	return b.Websocket.Orderbook.Update(&buffer.Update{
--- a/exchanges/binance/binance_wrapper.go
+++ b/exchanges/binance/binance_wrapper.go
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ func (b *Binance) UpdateOrderbook(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, assetTyp
 		Asset:           assetType,
 		VerifyOrderbook: b.CanVerifyOrderbook,
 	}
-	var orderbookNew OrderBook
+	var orderbookNew *OrderBook
 	var err error
 	switch assetType {
 	case asset.Spot, asset.Margin:
@@ -673,17 +673,20 @@ func (b *Binance) UpdateOrderbook(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, assetTyp
 	if err != nil {
 		return book, err
 	}
+
+	book.Bids = make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Bids))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Bids {
-		book.Bids = append(book.Bids, orderbook.Item{
+		book.Bids[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Bids[x].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Bids[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}
+	book.Asks = make(orderbook.Items, len(orderbookNew.Asks))
 	for x := range orderbookNew.Asks {
-		book.Asks = append(book.Asks, orderbook.Item{
+		book.Asks[x] = orderbook.Item{
 			Amount: orderbookNew.Asks[x].Quantity,
 			Price:  orderbookNew.Asks[x].Price,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	err = book.Process()
@@ -834,15 +837,16 @@ func (b *Binance) GetWithdrawalsHistory(ctx context.Context, c currency.Code) (r

 // GetRecentTrades returns the most recent trades for a currency and asset
 func (b *Binance) GetRecentTrades(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, assetType asset.Item) ([]trade.Data, error) {
-	var resp []trade.Data
-	limit := 1000
+	const limit = 1000
 	tradeData, err := b.GetMostRecentTrades(ctx,
 		RecentTradeRequestParams{p, limit})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	resp := make([]trade.Data, len(tradeData))
 	for i := range tradeData {
-		resp = append(resp, trade.Data{
+		resp[i] = trade.Data{
 			TID:          strconv.FormatInt(tradeData[i].ID, 10),
 			Exchange:     b.Name,
 			CurrencyPair: p,
@@ -850,7 +854,7 @@ func (b *Binance) GetRecentTrades(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, assetTyp
 			Price:        tradeData[i].Price,
 			Amount:       tradeData[i].Quantity,
 			Timestamp:    tradeData[i].Time,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	if b.IsSaveTradeDataEnabled() {
 		err := trade.AddTradesToBuffer(b.Name, resp...)
@@ -874,11 +878,11 @@ func (b *Binance) GetHistoricTrades(ctx context.Context, p currency.Pair, a asse
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var result []trade.Data
+	result := make([]trade.Data, len(trades))
 	exName := b.GetName()
 	for i := range trades {
 		t := trades[i].toTradeData(p, exName, a)
-		result = append(result, *t)
+		result[i] = *t
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
--- a/exchanges/bitfinex/bitfinex.go
+++ b/exchanges/bitfinex/bitfinex.go
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func baseMarginInfo(data []interface{}) (MarginInfoV2, error) {
 }

 func symbolMarginInfo(data []interface{}) ([]MarginInfoV2, error) {
-	var resp []MarginInfoV2
+	resp := make([]MarginInfoV2, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
 		var tempResp MarginInfoV2
 		tempData, ok := data[x].([]interface{})
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func symbolMarginInfo(data []interface{}) ([]MarginInfoV2, error) {
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w for BestBidAmount", errTypeAssert)
 		}
-		resp = append(resp, tempResp)
+		resp[x] = tempResp
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
@@ -381,7 +381,6 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetAccountInfoV2(ctx context.Context) (AccountV2Data, error)

 // GetV2Balances gets v2 balances
 func (b *Bitfinex) GetV2Balances(ctx context.Context) ([]WalletDataV2, error) {
-	var resp []WalletDataV2
 	var data [][4]interface{}
 	err := b.SendAuthenticatedHTTPRequestV2(ctx,
 		exchange.RestSpot, http.MethodPost,
@@ -390,8 +389,9 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetV2Balances(ctx context.Context) ([]WalletDataV2, error) {
 		&data,
 		getAccountFees)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	resp := make([]WalletDataV2, len(data))
 	for x := range data {
 		wType, ok := data[x][0].(string)
 		if !ok {
@@ -409,12 +409,12 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetV2Balances(ctx context.Context) ([]WalletDataV2, error) {
 		if !ok {
 			return resp, fmt.Errorf("%v GetV2Balances: %w for unsettledInterest", b.Name, errTypeAssert)
 		}
-		resp = append(resp, WalletDataV2{
+		resp[x] = WalletDataV2{
 			WalletType:        wType,
 			Currency:          curr,
 			Balance:           bal,
 			UnsettledInterest: unsettledInterest,
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	return resp, nil
 }
@@ -435,9 +435,6 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetMarginPairs(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {

 // GetDerivativeStatusInfo gets status data for the queried derivative
 func (b *Bitfinex) GetDerivativeStatusInfo(ctx context.Context, keys, startTime, endTime string, sort, limit int64) ([]DerivativeDataResponse, error) {
-	var result [][]interface{}
-	var finalResp []DerivativeDataResponse
-
 	params := url.Values{}
 	params.Set("keys", keys)
 	if startTime != "" {
@@ -452,12 +449,15 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetDerivativeStatusInfo(ctx context.Context, keys, startTime,
 	if limit != 0 {
 		params.Set("limit", strconv.FormatInt(limit, 10))
 	}
+
+	var result [][]interface{}
 	path := bitfinexAPIVersion2 + bitfinexDerivativeData +
 		params.Encode()
 	err := b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestSpot, path, &result, status)
 	if err != nil {
-		return finalResp, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	finalResp := make([]DerivativeDataResponse, len(result))
 	for z := range result {
 		if len(result[z]) < 19 {
 			return finalResp, fmt.Errorf("%v GetDerivativeStatusInfo: invalid response, array length too small, check api docs for updates", b.Name)
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetDerivativeStatusInfo(ctx context.Context, keys, startTime,
 				t,
 			)
 		}
-		finalResp = append(finalResp, response)
+		finalResp[z] = response
 	}
 	return finalResp, nil
 }
@@ -526,82 +526,198 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetTickerBatch(ctx context.Context) (map[string]Ticker, error

 	var tickers = make(map[string]Ticker)
 	for x := range response {
+		symbol, ok := response[x][0].(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert symbol")
+		}
+
+		var t Ticker
 		if len(response[x]) > 11 {
-			tickers[response[x][0].(string)] = Ticker{
-				FlashReturnRate:    response[x][1].(float64),
-				Bid:                response[x][2].(float64),
-				BidPeriod:          int64(response[x][3].(float64)),
-				BidSize:            response[x][4].(float64),
-				Ask:                response[x][5].(float64),
-				AskPeriod:          int64(response[x][6].(float64)),
-				AskSize:            response[x][7].(float64),
-				DailyChange:        response[x][8].(float64),
-				DailyChangePerc:    response[x][9].(float64),
-				Last:               response[x][10].(float64),
-				Volume:             response[x][11].(float64),
-				High:               response[x][12].(float64),
-				Low:                response[x][13].(float64),
-				FFRAmountAvailable: response[x][16].(float64),
+			if t.FlashReturnRate, ok = response[x][1].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert flashReturnRate")
 			}
+			if t.Bid, ok = response[x][2].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bid")
+			}
+			var bidPeriod float64
+			bidPeriod, ok = response[x][3].(float64)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bidPeriod")
+			}
+			t.BidPeriod = int64(bidPeriod)
+			if t.BidSize, ok = response[x][4].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bidSize")
+			}
+			if t.Ask, ok = response[x][5].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert ask")
+			}
+			var askPeriod float64
+			askPeriod, ok = response[x][6].(float64)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert askPeriod")
+			}
+			t.AskPeriod = int64(askPeriod)
+			if t.AskSize, ok = response[x][7].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert askSize")
+			}
+			if t.DailyChange, ok = response[x][8].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChange")
+			}
+			if t.DailyChangePerc, ok = response[x][9].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChangePerc")
+			}
+			if t.Last, ok = response[x][10].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert last")
+			}
+			if t.Volume, ok = response[x][11].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+			}
+			if t.High, ok = response[x][12].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+			}
+			if t.Low, ok = response[x][13].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+			}
+			if t.FFRAmountAvailable, ok = response[x][16].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert FFRAmountAvailable")
+			}
+
+			tickers[symbol] = t
 			continue
 		}
-		tickers[response[x][0].(string)] = Ticker{
-			Bid:             response[x][1].(float64),
-			BidSize:         response[x][2].(float64),
-			Ask:             response[x][3].(float64),
-			AskSize:         response[x][4].(float64),
-			DailyChange:     response[x][5].(float64),
-			DailyChangePerc: response[x][6].(float64),
-			Last:            response[x][7].(float64),
-			Volume:          response[x][8].(float64),
-			High:            response[x][9].(float64),
-			Low:             response[x][10].(float64),
+
+		if t.Bid, ok = response[x][1].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bid")
 		}
+		if t.BidSize, ok = response[x][2].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bid size")
+		}
+		if t.Ask, ok = response[x][3].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert ask")
+		}
+		if t.AskSize, ok = response[x][4].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert ask size")
+		}
+		if t.DailyChange, ok = response[x][5].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert daily change")
+		}
+		if t.DailyChangePerc, ok = response[x][6].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert daily change perc")
+		}
+		if t.Last, ok = response[x][7].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert last")
+		}
+		if t.Volume, ok = response[x][8].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+		}
+		if t.High, ok = response[x][9].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+		}
+		if t.Low, ok = response[x][10].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+		}
+		tickers[symbol] = t
 	}
 	return tickers, nil
 }

 // GetTicker returns ticker information for one symbol
-func (b *Bitfinex) GetTicker(ctx context.Context, symbol string) (Ticker, error) {
+func (b *Bitfinex) GetTicker(ctx context.Context, symbol string) (*Ticker, error) {
 	var response []interface{}

 	path := bitfinexAPIVersion2 + bitfinexTicker + symbol

 	err := b.SendHTTPRequest(ctx, exchange.RestSpot, path, &response, tickerFunction)
 	if err != nil {
-		return Ticker{}, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

+	var t Ticker
 	if len(response) > 10 {
-		return Ticker{
-			FlashReturnRate:    response[0].(float64),
-			Bid:                response[1].(float64),
-			BidPeriod:          int64(response[2].(float64)),
-			BidSize:            response[3].(float64),
-			Ask:                response[4].(float64),
-			AskPeriod:          int64(response[5].(float64)),
-			AskSize:            response[6].(float64),
-			DailyChange:        response[7].(float64),
-			DailyChangePerc:    response[8].(float64),
-			Last:               response[9].(float64),
-			Volume:             response[10].(float64),
-			High:               response[11].(float64),
-			Low:                response[12].(float64),
-			FFRAmountAvailable: response[15].(float64),
-		}, nil
+		var ok bool
+		if t.FlashReturnRate, ok = response[0].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert flashReturnRate")
+		}
+		if t.Bid, ok = response[1].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bid")
+		}
+		var bidPeriod float64
+		bidPeriod, ok = response[2].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bidPeriod")
+		}
+		t.BidPeriod = int64(bidPeriod)
+		if t.BidSize, ok = response[3].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bidSize")
+		}
+		if t.Ask, ok = response[4].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert ask")
+		}
+		var askPeriod float64
+		askPeriod, ok = response[5].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert askPeriod")
+		}
+		t.AskPeriod = int64(askPeriod)
+		if t.AskSize, ok = response[6].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert askSize")
+		}
+		if t.DailyChange, ok = response[7].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChange")
+		}
+		if t.DailyChangePerc, ok = response[8].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChangePerc")
+		}
+		if t.Last, ok = response[9].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert last")
+		}
+		if t.Volume, ok = response[10].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+		}
+		if t.High, ok = response[11].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+		}
+		if t.Low, ok = response[12].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+		}
+		if t.FFRAmountAvailable, ok = response[15].(float64); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert FFRAmountAvailable")
+		}
+		return &t, nil
 	}
-	return Ticker{
-		Bid:             response[0].(float64),
-		BidSize:         response[1].(float64),
-		Ask:             response[2].(float64),
-		AskSize:         response[3].(float64),
-		DailyChange:     response[4].(float64),
-		DailyChangePerc: response[5].(float64),
-		Last:            response[6].(float64),
-		Volume:          response[7].(float64),
-		High:            response[8].(float64),
-		Low:             response[9].(float64),
-	}, nil
+
+	var ok bool
+	if t.Bid, ok = response[0].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bid")
+	}
+	if t.BidSize, ok = response[1].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert bidSize")
+	}
+	if t.Ask, ok = response[2].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert ask")
+	}
+	if t.AskSize, ok = response[3].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert askSize")
+	}
+	if t.DailyChange, ok = response[4].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChange")
+	}
+	if t.DailyChangePerc, ok = response[5].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert dailyChangePerc")
+	}
+	if t.Last, ok = response[6].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert last")
+	}
+	if t.Volume, ok = response[7].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+	}
+	if t.High, ok = response[8].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+	}
+	if t.Low, ok = response[9].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+	}
+	return &t, nil
 }

 // GetTrades gets historic trades that occurred on the exchange
@@ -637,7 +753,7 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetTrades(ctx context.Context, currencyPair string, limit, ti
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	var history []Trade
+	history := make([]Trade, len(resp))
 	for i := range resp {
 		amount, ok := resp[i][2].(float64)
 		if !ok {
@@ -649,25 +765,49 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetTrades(ctx context.Context, currencyPair string, limit, ti
 			amount *= -1
 		}

-		if len(resp[i]) > 4 {
-			history = append(history, Trade{
-				TID:       int64(resp[i][0].(float64)),
-				Timestamp: int64(resp[i][1].(float64)),
-				Amount:    amount,
-				Rate:      resp[i][3].(float64),
-				Period:    int64(resp[i][4].(float64)),
-				Type:      side,
-			})
-			continue
+		tid, ok := resp[i][0].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert trade ID")
+		}
+		timestamp, ok := resp[i][1].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert timestamp")
 		}

-		history = append(history, Trade{
-			TID:       int64(resp[i][0].(float64)),
-			Timestamp: int64(resp[i][1].(float64)),
+		if len(resp[i]) > 4 {
+			var rate float64
+			rate, ok = resp[i][3].(float64)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert rate")
+			}
+			var period float64
+			period, ok = resp[i][4].(float64)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert period")
+			}
+
+			history[i] = Trade{
+				TID:       int64(tid),
+				Timestamp: int64(timestamp),
+				Amount:    amount,
+				Rate:      rate,
+				Period:    int64(period),
+				Type:      side,
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		price, ok := resp[i][3].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert price")
+		}
+
+		history[i] = Trade{
+			TID:       int64(tid),
+			Timestamp: int64(timestamp),
 			Amount:    amount,
-			Price:     resp[i][3].(float64),
+			Price:     price,
 			Type:      side,
-		})
+		}
 	}

 	return history, nil
@@ -873,19 +1013,33 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetCandles(ctx context.Context, symbol, timeFrame string, sta
 			return nil, err
 		}

-		var c []Candle
+		candles := make([]Candle, len(response))
 		for i := range response {
-			c = append(c, Candle{
-				Timestamp: time.Unix(int64(response[i][0].(float64)/1000), 0),
-				Open:      response[i][1].(float64),
-				Close:     response[i][2].(float64),
-				High:      response[i][3].(float64),
-				Low:       response[i][4].(float64),
-				Volume:    response[i][5].(float64),
-			})
+			var c Candle
+			timestamp, ok := response[i][0].(float64)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert timestamp")
+			}
+			c.Timestamp = time.UnixMilli(int64(timestamp))
+			if c.Open, ok = response[i][1].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert open")
+			}
+			if c.Close, ok = response[i][2].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert close")
+			}
+			if c.High, ok = response[i][3].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+			}
+			if c.Low, ok = response[i][4].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+			}
+			if c.Volume, ok = response[i][5].(float64); !ok {
+				return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+			}
+			candles[i] = c
 		}

-		return c, nil
+		return candles, nil
 	}

 	path += "/last"
@@ -900,14 +1054,29 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetCandles(ctx context.Context, symbol, timeFrame string, sta
 		return nil, errors.New("no data returned")
 	}

-	return []Candle{{
-		Timestamp: time.Unix(int64(response[0].(float64))/1000, 0),
-		Open:      response[1].(float64),
-		Close:     response[2].(float64),
-		High:      response[3].(float64),
-		Low:       response[4].(float64),
-		Volume:    response[5].(float64),
-	}}, nil
+	var c Candle
+	timestamp, ok := response[0].(float64)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert timestamp")
+	}
+	c.Timestamp = time.UnixMilli(int64(timestamp))
+	if c.Open, ok = response[1].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert open")
+	}
+	if c.Close, ok = response[2].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert close")
+	}
+	if c.High, ok = response[3].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert high")
+	}
+	if c.Low, ok = response[4].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert low")
+	}
+	if c.Volume, ok = response[5].(float64); !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert volume")
+	}
+
+	return []Candle{c}, nil
 }

 // GetConfigurations fetchs currency and symbol site configuration data.
@@ -983,7 +1152,7 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetLeaderboard(ctx context.Context, key, timeframe, symbol st
 		return r
 	}

-	var result []LeaderboardEntry
+	result := make([]LeaderboardEntry, len(resp))
 	for x := range resp {
 		r, ok := resp[x].([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
@@ -1008,13 +1177,13 @@ func (b *Bitfinex) GetLeaderboard(ctx context.Context, key, timeframe, symbol st
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, errors.New("unable to type assert value")
 		}
-		result = append(result, LeaderboardEntry{
+		result[x] = LeaderboardEntry{
 			Timestamp:     time.UnixMilli(int64(tm)),
 			Username:      username,
 			Ranking:       int(ranking),
 			Value:         value,
 			TwitterHandle: parseTwitterHandle(r[9]),
-		})
+		}
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
--- a/exchanges/bitfinex/bitfinex_test.go
+++ b/exchanges/bitfinex/bitfinex_test.go
@@ -1311,6 +1311,7 @@ func TestWsOrderSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestWsNotifications(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
 	pressXToJSON := `[0,"n",[1575282446099,"fon-req",null,null,[41238905,null,null,null,-1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0.002,2,null,null,null,null,null],null,"SUCCESS","Submitting funding bid of 1000.0 USD at 0.2000 for 2 days."]]`
 	err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1324,6 +1325,90 @@ func TestWsNotifications(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestWSFundingOfferSnapshotAndUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	pressXToJSON := `[0,"fos",[[41237920,"fETH",1573912039000,1573912039000,0.5,0.5,"LIMIT",null,null,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0.0024,2,0,0,null,0,null]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	pressXToJSON = `[0,"fon",[41238747,"fUST",1575026670000,1575026670000,5000,5000,"LIMIT",null,null,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0.006000000000000001,30,0,0,null,0,null]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSFundingCreditSnapshotAndUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	pressXToJSON := `[0,"fcs",[[26223578,"fUST",1,1575052261000,1575296187000,350,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0,30,1575052261000,1575293487000,0,0,null,0,null,0,"tBTCUST"],[26223711,"fUSD",-1,1575291961000,1575296187000,180,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0.002,7,1575282446000,1575295587000,0,0,null,0,null,0,"tETHUSD"]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	pressXToJSON = `[0,"fcu",[26223578,"fUST",1,1575052261000,1575296787000,350,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0,30,1575052261000,1575293487000,0,0,null,0,null,0,"tBTCUST"]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSFundingLoanSnapshotAndUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	pressXToJSON := `[0,"fls",[[2995442,"fUSD",-1,1575291961000,1575295850000,820,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0.002,7,1575282446000,1575295850000,0,0,null,0,null,0]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	pressXToJSON = `[0,"fln",[2995444,"fUSD",-1,1575298742000,1575298742000,1000,0,"ACTIVE",null,null,null,0.002,7,1575298742000,1575298742000,0,0,null,0,null,0]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSWalletSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	pressXToJSON := `[0,"ws",[["exchange","SAN",19.76,0,null,null,null]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSBalanceUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	const pressXToJSON = `[0,"bu",[4131.85,4131.85]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSMarginInfoUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	const pressXToJSON = `[0,"miu",["base",[-13.014640000000007,0,49331.70267297,49318.68803297,27]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSFundingInfoUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	const pressXToJSON = `[0,"fiu",["sym","tETHUSD",[149361.09689202666,149639.26293509,830.0182168075556,895.0658432466332]]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWSFundingTrade(t *testing.T) {
+	b.WsAddSubscriptionChannel(0, "account", "N/A")
+	pressXToJSON := `[0,"fte",[636854,"fUSD",1575282446000,41238905,-1000,0.002,7,null]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	pressXToJSON = `[0,"ftu",[636854,"fUSD",1575282446000,41238905,-1000,0.002,7,null]]`
+	if err := b.wsHandleData([]byte(pressXToJSON)); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGetHistoricCandles(t *testing.T) {
 	currencyPair, err := currency.NewPairFromString("BTCUSD")
 	if err != nil {
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More