docs(roadmap): add #434 — POSIX -- separator not recognized; shorthand prompts can't start with dash

Pinpoint: claw -- 'anything' returns 'unknown option: --' with the
misleading 'Did you mean -V?' hint. Every other major CLI (cargo,
git, gh, kubectl, grep) honors POSIX -- as end-of-flags. Shorthand
prompt mode cannot accept any TEXT starting with - or --, forcing
users to remember the explicit 'prompt' verb.

ROADMAP.md

@@ -6338,3 +6338,45 @@ Original filing (2026-04-18): the session emitted `SessionStart hook (completed)
 
 420. **`plugins help --output-format json` returns the mutation response shape (`message`, `reload_runtime`, `target`) instead of the help envelope (`action:"help"`, `kind`, `unexpected`, `usage`) that `mcp help`, `agents help`, and `skills help` all use — schema drift within the same command family** — dogfooded 2026-05-01 by Jobdori on `e939777f`. Running `claw plugins help --output-format json` returns `{"action":"help","kind":"plugin","message":"Unknown /plugins action 'help'. Use list, install, enable, disable, uninstall, or update.","reload_runtime":false,"target":null}`. By contrast, `claw mcp help --output-format json`, `claw agents help --output-format json`, and `claw skills help --output-format json` all return a help envelope: `{"action":"help","kind":"<surface>","unexpected":null,"usage":{"direct_cli":"...","slash_command":"...","sources":[...]}}`. The `plugins` subgroup has not adopted the help envelope schema used by all sibling subgroups. Instead it uses the mutation response shape (`message`, `reload_runtime`, `target`) with an error string in `message` that calls `help` an "unknown action." Automation that checks `usage.direct_cli` to discover plugin commands gets a `TypeError` (key not found) on the plugins help path while succeeding on all sibling subgroups. **Required fix shape:** (a) make `plugins help` return the same help envelope as `mcp help`/`agents help`/`skills help`: `{action:"help", kind:"plugin", unexpected:null, usage:{direct_cli:"claw plugins [list|enable|disable|install|uninstall|update|help]", slash_command:"/plugins [...]", sources:[...]}`; (b) drop `reload_runtime` and `target` from help responses for all plugin subcommands; (c) add regression coverage proving `plugins help --output-format json` contains a `usage.direct_cli` field matching the same envelope shape as `mcp help`/`agents help`/`skills help`; (d) audit all subgroup `help` handlers for the same mutation-envelope contamination. **Why this matters:** help discovery is the bootstrap surface for automation. If `plugins help --output-format json` returns a mutation envelope with an error message instead of a usage envelope, automated schema discovery fails silently for the entire plugins subgroup while working for every other subgroup. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `e939777f`, 2026-05-01.
 
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+421. **`status`, `mcp list`, `doctor` JSON output leak macOS `/private` symlink-canonicalized cwd instead of user-invocation cwd — automation that string-matches on cwd breaks across symlinked filesystems** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `b98b9a71` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503207549447573574`. Reproduction on macOS: invoke from `/tmp/claw-dog-cwd` (where `/tmp` symlinks to `/private/tmp`), then `claw status --output-format json` returns `workspace.cwd: "/private/tmp/claw-dog-cwd"`, `claw mcp list --output-format json` returns `working_directory: "/private/tmp/claw-dog-cwd"`. The user's invocation cwd (`$PWD`, `pwd`) is `/tmp/claw-dog-cwd`. Source: `session_control.rs:34` calls `fs::canonicalize(cwd)` for #151 cross-worktree session-bleed prevention, then leaks the canonicalized path through every JSON envelope that reports cwd. **Required fix shape:** (a) keep canonicalized cwd for session keying internally, but report user-input cwd (the value passed by `env::current_dir()` or `--cwd` flag) in JSON output as `cwd`; (b) optionally expose canonical path as a separate field `cwd_canonical` for diagnostic purposes; (c) audit every `--output-format json` surface that emits `cwd` / `working_directory` / `workspace.cwd` for the same leak (status, mcp list, doctor, session list, init, etc.); (d) add regression coverage proving JSON cwd matches `$PWD` on macOS where `/tmp -> /private/tmp` symlink exists. **Why this matters:** automation pipelines that route work to lanes by cwd, or that compare cwd against a registry, break across macOS hosts because the canonicalized form differs from the form the user/orchestrator passed. The leak is silent — no documentation indicates the path will be rewritten. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `b98b9a71`, 2026-05-11.
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+422. **Unknown top-level subcommands fall through to chat prompt path instead of returning `unknown_subcommand` error — typos silently send the subcommand string as a chat message to the configured LLM** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `b98b9a71` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503215095088676956`. Reproduction: `unset ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN; export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=fake-key-for-routing-test; claw completely-bogus-subcommand --output-format json` returns `{"error":"api returned 401 Unauthorized (authentication_error) [trace req_011...]: invalid x-api-key","kind":"api_http_error"}` — proving the unknown token reached the Anthropic API endpoint as a chat prompt. With valid credentials, the bogus subcommand string would be silently consumed as a chat message, billing the user for a typo and producing whatever continuation the LLM generates. **Pre-error path:** `claw <unknown> --output-format json` with no creds returns `kind:"missing_credentials"` (the auth gate fires first), masking the routing bug. Only with creds present does the fallthrough manifest as the actual prompt being sent. **Sibling exit-code bug:** when the chat-path 401 returns, the JSON envelope is `kind:"api_http_error"` but exit code is **0**, while `cli_parse` errors (e.g. `--no-such-flag`) and `missing_credentials` errors correctly exit **1**. Exit-code parity between error envelopes is broken — automation that gates on `$?` will treat the 401-as-chat as success. **Required fix shape:** (a) reserve unknown top-level tokens that match no registered subcommand and emit `kind:"unknown_subcommand"` with `unknown:<token>` field and exit code 1, BEFORE the chat fallback path; (b) when a token is intended as a chat prompt, require an explicit verb (`prompt`, `chat`, `ask`) or `--prompt` flag; (c) ensure exit codes are non-zero for all `kind:*_error` envelopes; (d) regression test: `claw <bogus> --output-format json` with valid auth returns `kind:"unknown_subcommand"` exit 1, never reaches the API. **Why this matters:** automation that calls `claw <subcommand>` with a programmatically constructed verb (typo, version drift, refactored command) silently bills tokens and produces hallucinated output instead of a typed error. Cross-cluster with #108 (CLI fallthrough discovered earlier) — #422 is the post-#108 audit confirming the routing bug still bites with valid credentials. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `b98b9a71`, 2026-05-11.
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+423. **`claw prompt` does not read prompt text from stdin when no positional prompt arg is provided — `echo "what is 2+2" | claw prompt --output-format json` returns `kind:"unknown" error:"prompt subcommand requires a prompt string"` instead of consuming stdin** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `3c563fa1` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503222644739276951`. Reproduction: `echo "what is 2+2" | claw prompt --output-format json` → `{"error":"prompt subcommand requires a prompt string","hint":null,"kind":"unknown","type":"error"}` exit 1. Same for `claw prompt --output-format json` with stdin redirected from a file. The most common Unix automation pattern (`cmd | claw prompt`) is broken because the prompt subcommand only reads the positional argument, never falls through to stdin. **Sibling envelope-kind bug:** the error `kind` is `"unknown"` instead of a typed `"missing_argument"` or `"validation_error"`. The `unknown` discriminator is the catch-all bucket — automation that switches on `kind` to differentiate input-validation errors from runtime errors gets no signal here. **Required fix shape:** (a) when `prompt` subcommand has no positional prompt arg AND stdin is not a TTY (i.e., piped or redirected), read stdin to EOF and use that as the prompt; (b) emit `kind:"missing_argument"` (not `"unknown"`) when both positional arg and stdin are absent; (c) add `--prompt-stdin` or `--stdin` opt-in flag for explicit control; (d) regression tests: `echo X | claw prompt --output-format json` reaches the runtime with prompt=X, AND `claw prompt < /dev/null` returns `kind:"missing_argument"` exit 1. **Why this matters:** Unix pipelines are the foundation of CLI automation. Every other major CLI (curl, jq, gh, kubectl) accepts stdin as the primary input when no positional arg is given. Breaking this convention forces automation to either inline the prompt as a shell-quoted string (escaping nightmare for multiline/code) or write to a temp file first. The `kind:"unknown"` error category compounds the problem by making the failure indistinguishable from a runtime crash. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `3c563fa1`, 2026-05-11.
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+424. **`--model` rejects bare canonical Anthropic model names (`claude-opus-4-7`, `claude-opus-4-6`, `claude-sonnet-4-6`) as `invalid_model_syntax` — only short aliases (`opus`, `sonnet`, `haiku`) and full prefixed form (`anthropic/claude-opus-4-7`) work; sibling: error message stale-suggests `claude-opus-4-6` not `4-7`** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `6c0c305a` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503230194889134103`. Reproduction: `claw --model claude-opus-4-7 status --output-format json` → `{"error":"invalid model syntax: 'claude-opus-4-7'. Expected provider/model (e.g., anthropic/claude-opus-4-6) or known alias (opus, sonnet, haiku)","kind":"invalid_model_syntax"}`. Same for `claude-opus-4-6`, `claude-sonnet-4-6`. Forcing `--model anthropic/claude-opus-4-7` works (`model:"anthropic/claude-opus-4-7"`, `model_source:"flag"`). Three problems compounded: (a) Anthropic-canonical model names without provider prefix are rejected even though the `claude-` prefix unambiguously identifies the provider; (b) the error suggests `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6` as the example — `4-7` shipped 2026-04-16 and is the current production Anthropic frontier model, the suggestion is one model behind; (c) the alias list `opus, sonnet, haiku` doesn't disambiguate version (which `opus` does the alias resolve to — `opus-4-6` or `opus-4-7`?). **Required fix shape:** (a) accept bare `claude-*` and `gpt-*` model names as canonical-named-without-prefix and route via name-prefix detection (already implemented for prefix-routed mode); (b) update the example in `invalid_model_syntax` error to current frontier (`anthropic/claude-opus-4-7`); (c) document or expose `opus` → exact-version mapping in the error message and in `claw doctor`/`status` output (`model_alias_resolved_to: "claude-opus-4-7"`); (d) regression test: `claw --model claude-opus-4-7 status --output-format json` returns `model_source:"flag"`, not `kind:"invalid_model_syntax"`. **Sibling bug observed in same probe:** `enabledPlugins` deprecation warning repeats 3 times in stderr for the same `~/.claw/settings.json` load — config file is being loaded/parsed 3 times during a single `status` invocation. **Why this matters:** every Anthropic doc, every CCAPI route, every internal tooling references models by their bare canonical name (`claude-opus-4-7`). Forcing the `anthropic/` prefix breaks copy-paste from Anthropic's own examples and adds a redundant token to every invocation. The stale `4-6` suggestion in the error message actively misdirects users away from the current model. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `6c0c305a`, 2026-05-11.
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+425. **Config file precedence (`.claw/settings.json` always wins over `.claw.json`) is undocumented in user-facing surfaces — `config --output-format json` reports both files as `loaded:true` with no `precedence_rank` or `wins_for_keys` attribution; sibling: deprecation warning fires 4× per status invocation (was 3× in #424, regression upward)** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `d7dbe951` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503237744451649537`. Reproduction: create `.claw.json` with `{"model":"anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"}` and `.claw/settings.json` with `{"model":"anthropic/claude-opus-4-7"}` in the same workspace. `claw status --output-format json` returns `model:"anthropic/claude-opus-4-7", model_source:"config"`. Reverse the files (.claw.json=opus, settings.json=sonnet) → `model:"anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"`. Confirmed: `.claw/settings.json` **always** wins over `.claw.json` for conflicting keys, regardless of file mtime or alphabetical order. `claw config --output-format json` reports both as `loaded:true` with no `precedence_rank`, `effective_for_keys`, or `shadowed_keys` attribution. The only signal of precedence is the final merged value in `status` — automation cannot programmatically discover which file contributed which key without re-implementing the merge logic. **Sibling bug (regression from #424):** the `enabledPlugins` deprecation warning now fires **4 times** in stderr per single `status` invocation (was 3× in #424's probe at HEAD `6c0c305a`; current HEAD `d7dbe951` shows 4×). Config load count went up by 1. **Sibling bug observed in config-section probe:** `claw config model --output-format json` with a `.claw.json` that contains a benign unknown key (e.g., `"alpha":"x"`) returns `{"error":"/path/.claw.json: unknown key \"alpha\" (line 1)","kind":"unknown"}` — the entire config command fails with a generic `unknown` kind instead of (a) tolerating unrecognized keys with a warning, or (b) emitting a typed `kind:"unknown_key"` error scoped to the offending file/key. **Required fix shape:** (a) document precedence order in `USAGE.md` (`.claw/settings.local.json > .claw/settings.json > .claw.json` for project scope; `user`/`system` scope at each layer); (b) add `precedence_rank:int` and optional `wins_for_keys:[string]` / `shadowed_keys:[string]` to each entry in `config --output-format json` `files[]`; (c) dedupe the deprecation warning to fire **once per discovered file** instead of N× per load pass; (d) make `config <section> --output-format json` tolerate unknown keys with warnings, OR emit `kind:"unknown_key"` with `path:` and `key:` fields scoped to the offending file. **Why this matters:** users mixing legacy `.claw.json` with new `.claw/settings.json` have no way to verify which file is actually controlling their runtime. The undocumented precedence + missing per-key attribution forces trial-and-error to debug config drift. Cross-references #407 (config files no load_error) and #415 (config section returns merged_keys count not values). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `d7dbe951`, 2026-05-11.
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+426. **`ANTHROPIC_MODEL` env var bypasses the `invalid_model_syntax` validator that `--model` enforces — bogus model strings are accepted with `status:"ok"`, deferred-failing only when the first API call is made** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `3730b459` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503245298800136296`. Reproduction (asymmetric validation): `claw --model bogus-model-xyz status --output-format json` returns `kind:"invalid_model_syntax"` exit 1; `ANTHROPIC_MODEL=bogus-model-xyz claw status --output-format json` returns `model:"bogus-model-xyz", model_raw:"bogus-model-xyz", model_source:"env", status:"ok"` — the doctor surface lies that the configured model is valid when it is not. The bogus model only manifests as a failure when the first prompt fires and the API rejects it with 404/400. Three sibling discoveries in the same probe: (a) **alias indirection invisible**: `ANTHROPIC_MODEL=opus claw status --output-format json` returns `model:"claude-opus-4-6", model_raw:"opus", model_source:"env"` — the `opus` alias resolves to `claude-opus-4-6` (the *previous* frontier, not the current `claude-opus-4-7` released 2026-04-16). Users typing `opus` get yesterday's model with no warning. (b) **`CLAW_MODEL` env var silently ignored**: `CLAW_MODEL=opus claw status` shows `model:"claude-opus-4-6" model_source:"default"` — the `CLAW_MODEL` env var (the project-namespaced equivalent that users expect) does not exist; only `ANTHROPIC_MODEL` is honored. No warning when a `CLAW_*` env var that looks like it should work is set. (c) **`ANTHROPIC_DEFAULT_MODEL` also silently ignored**: the longer-named env var that some Anthropic SDKs use is not recognized. **Required fix shape:** (a) symmetric validation: `ANTHROPIC_MODEL` env value must pass the same `invalid_model_syntax` check that `--model` does, and `claw status` must return `kind:"invalid_model"` / `status:"warn"` (not `status:"ok"`) when the resolved model is unrecognized; (b) expose alias resolution in `status`: add `model_alias_resolved_to:string|null` field so automation can see `opus → claude-opus-4-6`; (c) bump the `opus` alias to `claude-opus-4-7` (current frontier) or document the alias-to-version mapping policy explicitly; (d) accept `CLAW_MODEL` and `ANTHROPIC_DEFAULT_MODEL` env vars with parity to `ANTHROPIC_MODEL`, OR emit a warning when those env vars are set but unrecognized. **Why this matters:** the most common automation pattern is `export ANTHROPIC_MODEL=...` in a shell rc file. Bogus values pass silently, alias indirection hides the actual model in use, and `CLAW_MODEL` looking like a working name but doing nothing is a footgun. Cross-references #424 (bare canonical names rejected at validator level) — together #424 + #426 make model selection inconsistent across CLI flag, env var, and alias paths. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `3730b459`, 2026-05-11.
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+427. **Subcommand `--help` paths (`resume`, `session`, `compact`) hit the auth gate and trigger config validation before returning static help — `claw resume --help` with no credentials returns `missing_credentials` error instead of help text** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `1fecdf09` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503252843669491892`. Reproduction (no env vars, isolated `CLAW_CONFIG_HOME`): `claw resume --help` returns `{"error":"missing Anthropic credentials; export ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN or ANTHROPIC_API_KEY..."}` instead of usage text. Same for `claw session --help`, `claw compact --help`. By contrast, `claw prompt --help` and `claw --help` (top-level) return proper usage text without auth. Even worse: with a broken `.claw.json` discovered up the parent directory tree (e.g., `mcpServers.missing-command: missing string field command`), the subcommand `--help` paths fail with `[error-kind: unknown]` from config validation — config load is happening before `--help` is parsed. **Sibling exit-code bug:** `claw resume --help --output-format json` returns `kind:"missing_credentials"` but exits **0** (the exit-code parity bug from #422 reproduces on this path too — only `cli_parse` exits 1 consistently). **Sibling: `claw resume <bogus-id>` should be local-only** but also hits `missing_credentials` — `resume` of a session that doesn't exist on disk should return `kind:"session_not_found"` from a local lookup, not require API credentials. Same class as ROADMAP #357 (session list requires creds) and #369 (session help/fork require credentials) — now confirmed for `resume`. **Required fix shape:** (a) `--help` MUST short-circuit before any auth check, config load, or session resolution — emit static usage text from a compiled-in string table, no I/O; (b) `resume <id>` must check the local session store first; if the id is absent on disk, emit `kind:"session_not_found"` with `sessions_dir` field; only require auth when resuming a known-on-disk session that requires re-establishing API context; (c) ensure exit code 1 for all error envelopes including `missing_credentials` returned from a `--help` path that should never have reached the auth gate; (d) regression test: with empty `CLAW_CONFIG_HOME` and no env vars, every `claw <subcommand> --help` returns usage text on stdout, exit 0, no `kind:*_error` envelope. **Why this matters:** `--help` is the universal CLI discovery primitive. Failing `--help` because of missing API credentials or broken config files makes claw undiscoverable to users debugging an already-broken setup. Cross-references #357 (session list), #369 (session help/fork), #422 (exit code parity), #108 (subcommand fallthrough). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `1fecdf09`, 2026-05-11.
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+428. **Default `permission_mode` is `danger-full-access` — claw runs with FULL filesystem + network + tool access out of the box, with no opt-in flag and no warning from `doctor`** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `72048449` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503260393622212628`. Reproduction (no env vars, isolated `CLAW_CONFIG_HOME`, no config files, no CLI flags): `claw status --output-format json` returns `permission_mode:"danger-full-access"` as the default. The three supported modes per the validator error message are `read-only`, `workspace-write`, `danger-full-access` — and `danger-full-access` is chosen with zero user opt-in. `claw doctor --output-format json` produces a `sandbox` check with `status:"warn", summary:"sandbox was requested but is not currently active"` (because macOS lacks Linux `unshare`), but **emits no warning, info, or summary about the permission_mode itself being danger-full-access**. There is no `permissions` check in `doctor` output at all. **Required fix shape:** (a) change default `permission_mode` to `workspace-write` (safe-by-default: filesystem write limited to cwd, network limited to LLM endpoints, no arbitrary command exec); (b) require explicit `--permission-mode danger-full-access` or `--dangerously-skip-permissions` to opt into full access; (c) add a `permissions` check to `doctor --output-format json` that emits `status:"warn"` when `permission_mode == "danger-full-access"` without explicit source (flag/env/config), with details like `mode:"danger-full-access", source:"default", message:"running with full access without explicit opt-in"`; (d) document the three modes and the default in USAGE.md with one-paragraph descriptions of what each mode allows. **Sibling typed-error bug:** `claw --permission-mode bogus-mode status --output-format json` returns `kind:"unknown"` instead of `kind:"invalid_permission_mode"` — same catch-all problem as #424, #426. **Sibling flag-name asymmetry:** `--dangerously-skip-permissions` works but `--skip-permissions` (Claude Code's flag) returns `kind:"cli_parse"` `unknown option`. Users migrating from Claude Code lose the short flag name. **Why this matters:** every other security-conscious CLI (Docker, kubectl, terraform) requires explicit opt-in for dangerous modes. Defaulting to `danger-full-access` is a footgun for first-time users who pipe `curl install.sh | sh` and immediately get a tool with full filesystem write and arbitrary command exec. The doctor surface is the only diagnostic users consult before trusting the tool, and it stays silent about the most permissive setting. Cross-references #50, #87, #91, #94, #97, #101, #106, #115, #123 (permission-audit sweep) — those all cover permission *rule* and *list* surfaces; #428 covers the *mode default* itself. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `72048449`, 2026-05-11.
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+429. **No global `--cwd`/`-C`/`--directory` flag — `claw` cannot be invoked against an arbitrary working directory without first `cd`-ing into it; `--cwd` only exists as a subcommand option for `system-prompt`, and the `cli_parse` "Did you mean --acp?" suggestion is misleading (the `--acp` flag is unrelated to directory selection)** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `ec882f4c` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503267943285264394`. Reproduction: `claw --cwd /tmp/claw-dog-cwd status --output-format json` → `{"error":"unknown option: --cwd","hint":"Did you mean --acp?\nRun `claw --help` for usage.","kind":"cli_parse"}`. Same error for `--cwd <relative>`, `--cwd <nonexistent>`, `--cwd <file-not-dir>`, `--cwd ""`. Inspecting `claw --help`: `--cwd PATH` appears ONLY in the usage line `claw system-prompt [--cwd PATH] [--date YYYY-MM-DD]` — it is not a global flag and is not accepted by `status`, `doctor`, `mcp list`, `init`, or any other subcommand. Users programmatically running claw against multiple workspaces must `cd` into each one before invoking, breaking the `subprocess.run(['claw', 'status', '--cwd', ws], cwd=other_dir)` pattern that every other major CLI (cargo `-C`, git `-C`, npm `--prefix`, gh `--repo` semantically, kubectl `--kubeconfig`+`--context`) supports. **Sibling misleading-suggestion bug:** the `cli_parse` error's `hint` field suggests `Did you mean --acp?` for `--cwd`. `--acp` is the alias for ACP/Zed editor integration (entirely unrelated to working directory). The Levenshtein-distance auto-complete is matching on first-character similarity without considering semantic relatedness. Users following the hint get a totally orthogonal feature. **Required fix shape:** (a) add a global `--cwd PATH` / `-C PATH` flag accepted before any subcommand, parsed in the global flag pre-pass; (b) validate the path exists and is a directory; emit `kind:"invalid_cwd"` with `path:` and `reason:` (`"not_found"`/`"not_a_directory"`/`"empty"`) when validation fails; (c) document the precedence: `--cwd` flag > `$PWD` > `env::current_dir()`; (d) fix the "Did you mean" hint algorithm to filter suggestions by semantic category (don't suggest `--acp` for `--cwd`; suggest `claw system-prompt --cwd PATH` if the user clearly wants `cwd` override but used the wrong scope); (e) regression test: `claw --cwd /tmp status --output-format json` from any `$PWD` returns `workspace.cwd:"/private/tmp"` (or `cwd:"/tmp"` after #421 fix). **Why this matters:** every claw automation orchestrator runs claw against multiple workspaces from a single parent process. Forcing `cd` before each invocation breaks parallelism (can't use shared cwd across concurrent invocations), breaks subprocess wrappers that want to pass cwd explicitly, and breaks `xargs`/`parallel`-style pipelines. Cross-references #421 (cwd canonicalization leak — fix should canonicalize but report user-input via `--cwd`). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `ec882f4c`, 2026-05-11.
+
+
+430. **`dump-manifests` is documented as "emit every skill/agent/tool manifest the resolver would load for the current cwd" but actually requires the upstream Claude Code TypeScript source files (`src/commands.ts`, `src/tools.ts`, `src/entrypoints/cli.tsx`) — the command is unusable for any user who installed claw without cloning the original Claude Code repo** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `075c2144` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503275502046023690`. Reproduction: `claw dump-manifests --output-format json` returns `{"error":"Manifest source files are missing.","hint":"repo root: /private/tmp/claw-dog-0530\n  missing: src/commands.ts, src/tools.ts, src/entrypoints/cli.tsx\n  Hint: set CLAUDE_CODE_UPSTREAM=/path/to/upstream or pass \`claw dump-manifests --manifests-dir /path/to/upstream\`.","kind":"missing_manifests"}`. The fresh-main worktree at `/private/tmp/claw-dog-0530` does not contain these TypeScript files because the Rust port doesn't include the upstream TS source. The `--help` text says the command works against "the current cwd" but in practice it requires `CLAUDE_CODE_UPSTREAM=` pointing at an unshipped TS source tree. **Three sibling problems compounded:** (a) **derivative-work disclosure leak**: the error message exposes that `claw-code` is a port of Claude Code (`CLAUDE_CODE_UPSTREAM` env var name) — even if true, surfacing this in a casual diagnostic message couples user-facing behavior to upstream provenance details. (b) **kind drift**: `claw dump-manifests --manifests-dir /tmp/nonexistent --output-format json` returns `kind:"unknown"`, while `claw dump-manifests` (no override) returns `kind:"missing_manifests"`. Same root cause (no usable upstream), two different `kind` discriminators — automation cannot switch on a single error type. (c) **export-positional-arg silently dropped**: probed in the same run — `claw export <bogus-positional>` ignores the path and returns `kind:"no_managed_sessions"` regardless of what positional arg was passed. The `--help` advertises `[PATH]` as the output-file destination but the path is discarded before validation, indistinguishable from invocation with no args. **Required fix shape:** (a) make `dump-manifests` emit the manifests claw-code itself ships with (Rust-resolver-discovered skills/agents/tools), independent of any upstream TS source — that matches the `--help` description; (b) if upstream-comparison is genuinely needed for parity work, move it to a separate command like `parity dump-upstream-manifests` and remove the upstream dependency from `dump-manifests`; (c) standardize on one error `kind` for the manifest-missing failure mode (`missing_manifests` is more descriptive than `unknown`); (d) `claw export <PATH>` must validate the path positional arg before the session-discovery check, so users see `kind:"invalid_output_path"` (or similar) when the path is malformed instead of always seeing `kind:"no_managed_sessions"`. **Why this matters:** `dump-manifests` is the inventory surface a downstream automation lane would call to learn what claw can do in the current workspace. If it's broken without upstream TS source, downstream lanes can't introspect — they have to fall back to `agents list`/`skills list`/`mcp list` separately and re-aggregate. Cross-references #422 (kind:unknown for unknown_subcommand), #423 (kind:unknown for missing_argument), #428 (kind:unknown for invalid_permission_mode) — `kind:"unknown"` keeps appearing as the catch-all for surfaces that should have typed kinds. Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `075c2144`, 2026-05-11.
+
+
+431. **`skills uninstall <name>` requires Anthropic credentials despite being a local filesystem operation — `claw skills uninstall nonexistent-skill-xyz --output-format json` returns `kind:"missing_credentials"` instead of resolving locally that the skill doesn't exist** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `328fd114` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503275502046023690` (sibling probe to #430). Reproduction (no creds, isolated `CLAW_CONFIG_HOME`): `claw skills uninstall nonexistent-skill-xyz --output-format json` returns `{"error":"missing Anthropic credentials; export ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN or ANTHROPIC_API_KEY...","kind":"missing_credentials"}`. Uninstalling a skill is a pure local filesystem operation: read the skills directory, find the named skill, remove its files. There is no semantic reason to require API credentials. Same class of bug as #357 (`session list` requires creds), #369 (`session help/fork` require creds), and #427 (`resume <bogus-id>` requires creds). **Three sibling findings in same probe:** (a) `claw skills install <bogus-name>` returns `{"error":"No such file or directory (os error 2)","kind":"unknown"}` — leaks raw OS error string with no hint about expected install source format (path vs name vs URL?), and the catch-all `kind:"unknown"` again instead of typed `kind:"skill_install_source_not_found"`. (b) `claw skills install` (no args) returns `action:"help"` with `unexpected:"install"` — but `install` IS a documented subcommand. The handler treats it as "unknown action" instead of "missing required argument". Should emit `kind:"missing_argument"` with `argument:"install_source"`. (c) `claw agents create my-agent` returns `action:"help"` with `unexpected:"create my-agent"` — there is no agent-creation surface at all. Users must hand-craft `.claw/agents/<name>.md` files with no scaffolding command, while `claw init` only creates the top-level `.claw/` skeleton. **Required fix shape:** (a) `skills uninstall <name>` must be local-first: enumerate the local skills dir, return `kind:"skill_not_found"` (with `skills_dir:` and `available_names:[]` fields) for missing, or remove the files and return `kind:"skills"` with `action:"uninstall", removed:<name>` for present skills; (b) `skills install <source>` must distinguish source forms (`path:`, `name:`, `url:`) and emit `kind:"invalid_install_source"` with the parsed-and-failed reason; (c) `skills install` (no args) emits `kind:"missing_argument"` with `argument:"install_source"`; (d) add `claw agents create <name>` (or `claw init agent <name>`) that scaffolds `.claw/agents/<name>.md` with a stub frontmatter; or document explicitly that agents are user-authored only. **Why this matters:** lifecycle commands (`uninstall`, `install`, `create`) are the primary surface for managing claw's extension surface area. If `uninstall` requires API creds, an offline user who fat-fingered an install can't undo it. If `install` returns a raw OS error, automation can't programmatically recover. If `agents create` doesn't exist, agent authoring is undocumented file-touching only. Cross-references #357, #369, #427 (auth-gate-on-local-ops cluster), and #422/#423/#428/#430 (`kind:"unknown"` catch-all cluster). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `328fd114`, 2026-05-11.
+
+
+432. **`--allowedTools` validator inconsistency: tool name list is half snake_case (`bash`, `read_file`, `write_file`, `edit_file`, `glob_search`, `grep_search`) and half PascalCase (`WebFetch`, `WebSearch`, `TodoWrite`, `Skill`, `Agent`, `Sleep`) with three UPPERCASE entries (`REPL`, `LSP`, `MCP`); accepts undocumented CamelCase aliases (`Read`, `Write`, `Edit`) and silently translates them to snake_case; argument parsing consumes the next positional when value is missing** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `fad53e2d` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503283046856655029`. Reproduction: `claw --allowedTools status --output-format json` → `{"error":"unsupported tool in --allowedTools: status (expected one of: bash, read_file, write_file, edit_file, glob_search, grep_search, WebFetch, WebSearch, TodoWrite, Skill, Agent, ToolSearch, NotebookEdit, Sleep, SendUserMessage, Config, EnterPlanMode, ExitPlanMode, StructuredOutput, REPL, PowerShell, AskUserQuestion, TaskCreate, RunTaskPacket, TaskGet, TaskList, TaskStop, TaskUpdate, TaskOutput, WorkerCreate, WorkerGet, WorkerObserve, WorkerResolveTrust, WorkerAwaitReady, WorkerSendPrompt, WorkerRestart, WorkerTerminate, WorkerObserveCompletion, TeamCreate, TeamDelete, CronCreate, CronDelete, CronList, LSP, ListMcpResources, ReadMcpResource, McpAuth, RemoteTrigger, MCP, TestingPermission)","kind":"unknown"}`. The `status` subcommand was consumed as the `--allowedTools` value because the flag parser doesn't distinguish missing-value from end-of-flag-args. The error reveals **the supported tool list mixes naming conventions inconsistently within a single error message**: snake_case (`bash`, `read_file`, `write_file`, `edit_file`, `glob_search`, `grep_search`), PascalCase (`WebFetch`, `WebSearch`, `TodoWrite`, `Skill`, `Agent`, `Sleep`, `Config`, `PowerShell`, `AskUserQuestion`, `TaskCreate`, `WorkerCreate`, `TeamCreate`, `CronCreate`), UPPERCASE (`REPL`, `LSP`, `MCP`), and CamelCase compounds (`McpAuth`, `RemoteTrigger`). **Hidden alias mapping**: `claw --allowedTools Read,Write,Edit status --output-format json` is accepted and returns `allowed_tools.entries:["edit_file","read_file","write_file"]` — proving the validator has an undocumented CamelCase→snake_case alias map (`Read`→`read_file`, `Write`→`write_file`, `Edit`→`edit_file`) that is not surfaced in the error message. Users who copy-paste tool names from Claude Code documentation work, users who copy from the validator error don't. **Sibling missing-value bug:** `claw --allowedTools status` with `status` as a positional subcommand is interpreted as `--allowedTools=status`, swallowing the subcommand. The flag parser must require a value for `--allowedTools` and emit `kind:"missing_argument"` when followed by a recognized subcommand or `--`-prefixed flag instead of silently treating the next arg as a tool name. **Sibling typed-kind bug:** both errors use `kind:"unknown"` instead of typed `kind:"invalid_tool_name"` / `kind:"missing_argument"` — the catch-all keeps appearing (#422/#423/#424/#428/#430/#431/#432). **Required fix shape:** (a) standardize the canonical tool-name registry on one casing convention (snake_case is most CLI-ergonomic) and update both the registry and all CamelCase aliases; (b) document and expose the alias map (`tool_aliases:{Read:"read_file",...}`) in `claw doctor`/`status` and in the validator error; (c) flag parser must require a value for `--allowedTools` and refuse to consume a recognized subcommand or `-`/`--`-prefixed token as the value, emit `kind:"missing_argument"` with `argument:"--allowedTools"`; (d) emit `kind:"invalid_tool_name"` with `tool_name:` and `available:[]` fields instead of `kind:"unknown"`; (e) regression test that `claw --allowedTools <subcommand>` rejects with `missing_argument`, and that the canonical name list in errors uses the same casing as the alias map. **Why this matters:** `--allowedTools` is the primary surface for restricting claw's tool surface area (security-relevant). Inconsistent naming between the validator error and the alias map means users following the error message guidance pick names that work in some places and fail in others. The missing-value bug silently swallows a subcommand, leading to confusing "unsupported tool: status" errors when the user actually wanted to run `claw status`. Cross-references #94/#97/#101/#106/#115/#123 (permission-rule audit), #428 (default permission_mode), #422/#423/#424/#428/#430/#431 (`kind:"unknown"` catch-all). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `fad53e2d`, 2026-05-11.
+
+
+433. **Repeated `--output-format` flag silently takes the last value without warning — `claw --output-format json --output-format text status` produces text output, no signal that the prior `json` was overridden; sibling: `--output-format` value is case-sensitive (`JSON` rejected as `kind:"unknown"`); sibling: no `CLAW_OUTPUT_FORMAT` env var for default format override** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `ce39d5c5` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503290592556220488`. Reproduction: `claw --output-format json --output-format text status` returns the text-format `Status\n  Model claude-opus-4-6...` table — the first `--output-format json` was silently overridden. No warning, no `format_overridden:true` field, no stderr message. Scripts that compose flag arrays from multiple sources (`flags=("${BASE_FLAGS[@]}" --output-format json)` while `BASE_FLAGS` already contains `--output-format text`) silently get the wrong format. **Three sibling findings in same probe:** (a) **case-sensitivity drift**: `claw --output-format JSON status` returns `{"error":"unsupported value for --output-format: JSON (expected text or json)","kind":"unknown"}` — error message tells user to use lowercase `json` but doesn't accept the uppercase form that users often type from muscle memory. Most CLI flag-value validators (cargo, kubectl, gh) are case-insensitive for enum values or accept both forms with normalization. (b) **`kind:"unknown"` for invalid format value**: same catch-all bucket bug as #422/#423/#424/#428/#430/#431/#432 — should be `kind:"invalid_output_format"` with `value:` and `expected:["text","json"]` fields. (c) **no env-var default for output format**: `CLAW_OUTPUT_FORMAT=json claw status` silently ignored — no env override for the global default, forcing scripts to repeat `--output-format json` on every invocation. Other major CLIs honor `KUBECTL_OUTPUT=`, `AWS_DEFAULT_OUTPUT=`, `GH_NO_PROMPT=` etc. (d) **silently-ignored env vars `CLAW_LOG`/`RUST_LOG`**: no env-based log level control surfaced in `claw doctor` — debug logging requires undocumented `RUST_LOG=` (Rust convention) but `claw --help` doesn't mention either. **Required fix shape:** (a) repeated `--output-format` (or any flag that takes a value, not a count flag) emits a warning to stderr (`warning: --output-format specified multiple times; using last value 'text'`) and adds a `format_source:"flag", format_overridden:[]` field to the JSON envelope; (b) accept case-insensitive enum values for `--output-format` (`JSON`, `Json`, `json` all work), document the canonical lowercase form in `--help`; (c) emit `kind:"invalid_output_format"` (not `kind:"unknown"`) when value is invalid; (d) accept `CLAW_OUTPUT_FORMAT` env var as the default for `--output-format`, with flag-overrides-env precedence documented; (e) document `RUST_LOG` / `CLAW_LOG` in `--help` or doctor output as the log-level env vars; (f) regression test: repeated flag emits stderr warning + JSON metadata field; case-insensitive enum accepts all three casings; env-var default is honored when flag is absent. **Why this matters:** scripts that compose flag arrays from multiple sources (CI envs + per-invocation flags) silently get the wrong output format. Case-sensitive enum values trip up users typing from muscle memory. Missing env-var defaults force per-invocation flag repetition. Cross-references #422/#423/#424/#428/#430/#431/#432 (`kind:"unknown"` catch-all cluster). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `ce39d5c5`, 2026-05-11.
+
+
+434. **POSIX `--` end-of-flags separator is not recognized — `claw -- "-prompt-with-dash"` returns `{"error":"unknown option: --","hint":"Did you mean -V?","kind":"cli_parse"}` instead of treating subsequent args as positional; shorthand prompt mode cannot accept dash-prefixed prompts at all** — dogfooded 2026-05-11 by Jobdori on `0e5f6958` in response to Clawhip pinpoint nudge at `1503298142286905484`. Reproduction: `claw -- "-prompt-with-dash" --output-format json` returns `{"error":"unknown option: --","hint":"Did you mean -V?\nRun \`claw --help\` for usage.","kind":"cli_parse"}`. The POSIX/GNU CLI convention — universally honored by cargo, git, npm, gh, kubectl, grep, ls, find, etc. — is that `--` terminates flag parsing and treats everything after it as positional arguments. claw rejects `--` itself as an unknown flag. **Sibling misleading-suggestion bug (recurring from #429):** the `cli_parse` hint suggests `Did you mean -V?` for `--`. `-V` is the version flag; `--` is the end-of-flags separator. They have no semantic relationship; the auto-complete is matching on prefix-character similarity only. **Sibling shorthand-prompt limitation:** `claw "-just a prompt" --output-format json` returns `{"error":"unknown option: -just a prompt","kind":"cli_parse"}` and `claw "--bogus-flag-like" --output-format json` returns the same. The shorthand non-interactive prompt mode (documented as `claw [--model MODEL] [--output-format text|json] TEXT`) cannot accept any TEXT that starts with `-` or `--`, even when the entire string is shell-quoted as a single token. Users must use the explicit `prompt` verb (`claw prompt "-prompt-with-dash"` works) to escape this, but the explicit verb is documented as alternative not required. **Required fix shape:** (a) accept POSIX `--` as the end-of-flags marker globally — every arg after `--` is positional; (b) shorthand prompt mode must distinguish "this looks like a flag" from "this is a quoted positional that happens to start with `-`" by looking at whether the token matches any registered flag name (`-h`, `-V`, `--help`, `--version`, etc.) — strings that don't match any flag should be treated as prompt text; (c) fix the "Did you mean" hint algorithm to filter by semantic category (don't suggest `-V` for `--`, suggest "use \`--\` to terminate flag parsing" if the user types just `--`); (d) regression test: `claw -- "-foo"` reaches the runtime with prompt=`-foo`; `claw "-not-a-flag"` is treated as shorthand prompt when no registered flag matches; canonical `--` is recognized. **Why this matters:** POSIX `--` is the universal mechanism for passing arbitrary text (filenames starting with `-`, prompts containing flag-like syntax, log lines, etc.) to a CLI. Failing on `--` makes claw fundamentally unergonomic in shell pipelines (`echo "-q for quiet" | xargs claw` fails). The shorthand-prompt limitation forces users to remember the `prompt` verb specifically when their prompt happens to start with `-`. Cross-references #422 (unknown subcommand fallthrough), #423 (stdin not consumed by prompt), #429 ("Did you mean --acp" misleading suggestion). Source: Jobdori live dogfood, `0e5f6958`, 2026-05-11.
+

rust/crates/api/src/lib.rs

@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@ pub use prompt_cache::{
 pub use providers::anthropic::{AnthropicClient, AnthropicClient as ApiClient, AuthSource};
 pub use providers::openai_compat::{
     build_chat_completion_request, flatten_tool_result_content, is_reasoning_model,
-    model_rejects_is_error_field, translate_message, OpenAiCompatClient, OpenAiCompatConfig,
+    model_rejects_is_error_field, model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history, translate_message,
+    OpenAiCompatClient, OpenAiCompatConfig,
 };
 pub use providers::{
     detect_provider_kind, max_tokens_for_model, max_tokens_for_model_with_override,
-    resolve_model_alias, ProviderKind,
+    model_family_identity_for, model_family_identity_for_kind, resolve_model_alias, ProviderKind,
 };
 pub use sse::{parse_frame, SseParser};
 pub use types::{

rust/crates/api/src/providers/mod.rs

@@ -250,6 +250,19 @@ pub fn detect_provider_kind(model: &str) -> ProviderKind {
     ProviderKind::Anthropic
 }
 
+#[must_use]
+pub const fn model_family_identity_for_kind(kind: ProviderKind) -> runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity {
+    match kind {
+        ProviderKind::Anthropic => runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Claude,
+        ProviderKind::Xai | ProviderKind::OpenAi => runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic,
+    }
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn model_family_identity_for(model: &str) -> runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity {
+    model_family_identity_for_kind(detect_provider_kind(model))
+}
+
 #[must_use]
 pub fn max_tokens_for_model(model: &str) -> u32 {
     let canonical = resolve_model_alias(model);
@@ -484,8 +497,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::{
         anthropic_missing_credentials, anthropic_missing_credentials_hint, detect_provider_kind,
         load_dotenv_file, max_tokens_for_model, max_tokens_for_model_with_override,
-        model_token_limit, parse_dotenv, preflight_message_request, resolve_model_alias,
-        ProviderKind,
+        model_family_identity_for, model_family_identity_for_kind, model_token_limit, parse_dotenv,
+        preflight_message_request, resolve_model_alias, ProviderKind,
     };
 
     /// Serializes every test in this module that mutates process-wide
@@ -544,6 +557,42 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn maps_provider_kind_to_model_family_identity() {
+        // given: each supported provider kind
+        let anthropic = ProviderKind::Anthropic;
+        let openai = ProviderKind::OpenAi;
+        let xai = ProviderKind::Xai;
+
+        // when: converting provider kinds to prompt model family identities
+        let anthropic_identity = model_family_identity_for_kind(anthropic);
+        let openai_identity = model_family_identity_for_kind(openai);
+        let xai_identity = model_family_identity_for_kind(xai);
+
+        // then: Anthropic stays Claude and OpenAI-compatible providers are generic
+        assert_eq!(anthropic_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Claude);
+        assert_eq!(openai_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic);
+        assert_eq!(xai_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn maps_model_name_to_model_family_identity() {
+        // given: Anthropic, OpenAI-compatible, and xAI model names
+        let claude_model = "claude-opus-4-6";
+        let openai_model = "openai/gpt-4.1-mini";
+        let xai_model = "grok-3";
+
+        // when: detecting prompt model family identities from model names
+        let claude_identity = model_family_identity_for(claude_model);
+        let openai_identity = model_family_identity_for(openai_model);
+        let xai_identity = model_family_identity_for(xai_model);
+
+        // then: Anthropic stays Claude and OpenAI-compatible providers are generic
+        assert_eq!(claude_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Claude);
+        assert_eq!(openai_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic);
+        assert_eq!(xai_identity, runtime::ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn openai_namespaced_model_routes_to_openai_not_anthropic() {
         // Regression: "openai/gpt-4.1-mini" was misrouted to Anthropic when

rust/crates/api/src/providers/openai_compat.rs

@@ -443,6 +443,8 @@ struct StreamState {
     stop_reason: Option<String>,
     usage: Option<Usage>,
     tool_calls: BTreeMap<u32, ToolCallState>,
+    thinking_started: bool,
+    thinking_finished: bool,
 }
 
 impl StreamState {
@@ -456,6 +458,8 @@ impl StreamState {
             stop_reason: None,
             usage: None,
             tool_calls: BTreeMap::new(),
+            thinking_started: false,
+            thinking_finished: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -493,35 +497,61 @@ impl StreamState {
         }
 
         for choice in chunk.choices {
+            if let Some(reasoning) = choice
+                .delta
+                .reasoning_content
+                .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+            {
+                if !self.thinking_started {
+                    self.thinking_started = true;
+                    events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(ContentBlockStartEvent {
+                        index: 0,
+                        content_block: OutputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                            thinking: String::new(),
+                            signature: None,
+                        },
+                    }));
+                }
+                events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(ContentBlockDeltaEvent {
+                    index: 0,
+                    delta: ContentBlockDelta::ThinkingDelta {
+                        thinking: reasoning,
+                    },
+                }));
+            }
+
             if let Some(content) = choice.delta.content.filter(|value| !value.is_empty()) {
+                self.close_thinking(&mut events);
                 if !self.text_started {
                     self.text_started = true;
                     events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(ContentBlockStartEvent {
-                        index: 0,
+                        index: self.text_block_index(),
                         content_block: OutputContentBlock::Text {
                             text: String::new(),
                         },
                     }));
                 }
                 events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(ContentBlockDeltaEvent {
-                    index: 0,
+                    index: self.text_block_index(),
                     delta: ContentBlockDelta::TextDelta { text: content },
                 }));
             }
 
             for tool_call in choice.delta.tool_calls {
+                self.close_thinking(&mut events);
+                let tool_index_offset = self.tool_index_offset();
                 let state = self.tool_calls.entry(tool_call.index).or_default();
                 state.apply(tool_call);
-                let block_index = state.block_index();
+                let block_index = state.block_index(tool_index_offset);
                 if !state.started {
-                    if let Some(start_event) = state.start_event()? {
+                    if let Some(start_event) = state.start_event(tool_index_offset)? {
                         state.started = true;
                         events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(start_event));
                     } else {
                         continue;
                     }
                 }
-                if let Some(delta_event) = state.delta_event() {
+                if let Some(delta_event) = state.delta_event(tool_index_offset) {
                     events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(delta_event));
                 }
                 if choice.finish_reason.as_deref() == Some("tool_calls") && !state.stopped {
@@ -535,11 +565,12 @@ impl StreamState {
             if let Some(finish_reason) = choice.finish_reason {
                 self.stop_reason = Some(normalize_finish_reason(&finish_reason));
                 if finish_reason == "tool_calls" {
+                    let tool_index_offset = self.tool_index_offset();
                     for state in self.tool_calls.values_mut() {
                         if state.started && !state.stopped {
                             state.stopped = true;
                             events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent {
-                                index: state.block_index(),
+                                index: state.block_index(tool_index_offset),
                             }));
                         }
                     }
@@ -557,19 +588,21 @@ impl StreamState {
         self.finished = true;
 
         let mut events = Vec::new();
+        self.close_thinking(&mut events);
         if self.text_started && !self.text_finished {
             self.text_finished = true;
             events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent {
-                index: 0,
+                index: self.text_block_index(),
             }));
         }
 
+        let tool_index_offset = self.tool_index_offset();
         for state in self.tool_calls.values_mut() {
             if !state.started {
-                if let Some(start_event) = state.start_event()? {
+                if let Some(start_event) = state.start_event(tool_index_offset)? {
                     state.started = true;
                     events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(start_event));
-                    if let Some(delta_event) = state.delta_event() {
+                    if let Some(delta_event) = state.delta_event(tool_index_offset) {
                         events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(delta_event));
                     }
                 }
@@ -577,7 +610,7 @@ impl StreamState {
             if state.started && !state.stopped {
                 state.stopped = true;
                 events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent {
-                    index: state.block_index(),
+                    index: state.block_index(tool_index_offset),
                 }));
             }
         }
@@ -603,6 +636,31 @@ impl StreamState {
         }
         Ok(events)
     }
+
+    fn close_thinking(&mut self, events: &mut Vec<StreamEvent>) {
+        if self.thinking_started && !self.thinking_finished {
+            self.thinking_finished = true;
+            events.push(StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent {
+                index: 0,
+            }));
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fn text_block_index(&self) -> u32 {
+        if self.thinking_started {
+            1
+        } else {
+            0
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fn tool_index_offset(&self) -> u32 {
+        if self.thinking_started {
+            2
+        } else {
+            1
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -630,12 +688,12 @@ impl ToolCallState {
         }
     }
 
-    const fn block_index(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.openai_index + 1
+    const fn block_index(&self, offset: u32) -> u32 {
+        self.openai_index + offset
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
-    fn start_event(&self) -> Result<Option<ContentBlockStartEvent>, ApiError> {
+    fn start_event(&self, offset: u32) -> Result<Option<ContentBlockStartEvent>, ApiError> {
         let Some(name) = self.name.clone() else {
             return Ok(None);
         };
@@ -644,7 +702,7 @@ impl ToolCallState {
             .clone()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("tool_call_{}", self.openai_index));
         Ok(Some(ContentBlockStartEvent {
-            index: self.block_index(),
+            index: self.block_index(offset),
             content_block: OutputContentBlock::ToolUse {
                 id,
                 name,
@@ -653,14 +711,14 @@ impl ToolCallState {
         }))
     }
 
-    fn delta_event(&mut self) -> Option<ContentBlockDeltaEvent> {
+    fn delta_event(&mut self, offset: u32) -> Option<ContentBlockDeltaEvent> {
         if self.emitted_len >= self.arguments.len() {
             return None;
         }
         let delta = self.arguments[self.emitted_len..].to_string();
         self.emitted_len = self.arguments.len();
         Some(ContentBlockDeltaEvent {
-            index: self.block_index(),
+            index: self.block_index(offset),
             delta: ContentBlockDelta::InputJsonDelta {
                 partial_json: delta,
             },
@@ -690,6 +748,8 @@ struct ChatMessage {
     #[serde(default)]
     content: Option<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
+    reasoning_content: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
     tool_calls: Vec<ResponseToolCall>,
 }
 
@@ -735,6 +795,8 @@ struct ChunkChoice {
 struct ChunkDelta {
     #[serde(default)]
     content: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    reasoning_content: Option<String>,
     #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_null_as_empty_vec")]
     tool_calls: Vec<DeltaToolCall>,
 }
@@ -793,6 +855,15 @@ pub fn is_reasoning_model(model: &str) -> bool {
         || canonical.contains("thinking")
 }
 
+/// Returns true for OpenAI-compatible DeepSeek V4 models that require prior
+/// assistant reasoning to be echoed back as `reasoning_content` in history.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history(model: &str) -> bool {
+    let lowered = model.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let canonical = lowered.rsplit('/').next().unwrap_or(lowered.as_str());
+    canonical.starts_with("deepseek-v4")
+}
+
 /// Strip routing prefix (e.g., "openai/gpt-4" → "gpt-4") for the wire.
 /// The prefix is used only to select transport; the backend expects the
 /// bare model id.
@@ -948,10 +1019,14 @@ pub fn translate_message(message: &InputMessage, model: &str) -> Vec<Value> {
     match message.role.as_str() {
         "assistant" => {
             let mut text = String::new();
+            let mut reasoning = String::new();
             let mut tool_calls = Vec::new();
             for block in &message.content {
                 match block {
                     InputContentBlock::Text { text: value } => text.push_str(value),
+                    InputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                        thinking: value, ..
+                    } => reasoning.push_str(value),
                     InputContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => tool_calls.push(json!({
                         "id": id,
                         "type": "function",
@@ -963,13 +1038,18 @@ pub fn translate_message(message: &InputMessage, model: &str) -> Vec<Value> {
                     InputContentBlock::ToolResult { .. } => {}
                 }
             }
-            if text.is_empty() && tool_calls.is_empty() {
+            let include_reasoning =
+                model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history(model) && !reasoning.is_empty();
+            if text.is_empty() && tool_calls.is_empty() && !include_reasoning {
                 Vec::new()
             } else {
                 let mut msg = serde_json::json!({
                     "role": "assistant",
                     "content": (!text.is_empty()).then_some(text),
                 });
+                if include_reasoning {
+                    msg["reasoning_content"] = json!(reasoning);
+                }
                 // Only include tool_calls when non-empty: some providers reject
                 // assistant messages with an explicit empty tool_calls array.
                 if !tool_calls.is_empty() {
@@ -1003,6 +1083,7 @@ pub fn translate_message(message: &InputMessage, model: &str) -> Vec<Value> {
                     }
                     Some(msg)
                 }
+                InputContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => None,
                 InputContentBlock::ToolUse { .. } => None,
             })
             .collect(),
@@ -1182,6 +1263,16 @@ fn normalize_response(
             "chat completion response missing choices",
         ))?;
     let mut content = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(thinking) = choice
+        .message
+        .reasoning_content
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+    {
+        content.push(OutputContentBlock::Thinking {
+            thinking,
+            signature: None,
+        });
+    }
     if let Some(text) = choice.message.content.filter(|value| !value.is_empty()) {
         content.push(OutputContentBlock::Text { text });
     }
@@ -1413,13 +1504,15 @@ impl StringExt for String {
 mod tests {
     use super::{
         build_chat_completion_request, chat_completions_endpoint, is_reasoning_model,
-        normalize_finish_reason, openai_tool_choice, parse_tool_arguments, OpenAiCompatClient,
-        OpenAiCompatConfig,
+        model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history, normalize_finish_reason, normalize_response,
+        openai_tool_choice, parse_tool_arguments, OpenAiCompatClient, OpenAiCompatConfig,
+        StreamState,
     };
     use crate::error::ApiError;
     use crate::types::{
-        InputContentBlock, InputMessage, MessageRequest, ToolChoice, ToolDefinition,
-        ToolResultContentBlock,
+        ContentBlockDelta, ContentBlockDeltaEvent, ContentBlockStartEvent, ContentBlockStopEvent,
+        InputContentBlock, InputMessage, MessageRequest, OutputContentBlock, StreamEvent,
+        ToolChoice, ToolDefinition, ToolResultContentBlock,
     };
     use serde_json::json;
     use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
@@ -1465,6 +1558,188 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(payload["tool_choice"], json!("auto"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history_detects_deepseek_v4_models() {
+        // Given DeepSeek V4 and non-V4 model names.
+        let positive = [
+            "deepseek-v4-flash",
+            "deepseek-v4-pro",
+            "openai/deepseek-v4-pro",
+            "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash",
+        ];
+        let negative = [
+            "deepseek-reasoner",
+            "deepseek-chat",
+            "gpt-4o",
+            "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        ];
+
+        // When checking whether history reasoning_content is required.
+        // Then only DeepSeek V4 variants require it.
+        for model in positive {
+            assert!(model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history(model));
+        }
+        for model in negative {
+            assert!(!model_requires_reasoning_content_in_history(model));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_deepseek_reasoner_request_omits_reasoning_content_for_assistant_history() {
+        // Given an assistant history turn containing thinking.
+        let request = assistant_history_with_thinking_request("deepseek-reasoner");
+
+        // When serializing for legacy deepseek-reasoner.
+        let payload = build_chat_completion_request(&request, OpenAiCompatConfig::openai());
+
+        // Then reasoning_content is omitted.
+        let assistant = &payload["messages"][0];
+        assert_eq!(assistant["role"], json!("assistant"));
+        assert!(assistant.get("reasoning_content").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deepseek_v4_pro_request_includes_reasoning_content_for_assistant_history() {
+        // Given an assistant history turn containing thinking.
+        let request = assistant_history_with_thinking_request("openai/deepseek-v4-pro");
+
+        // When serializing for DeepSeek V4 Pro.
+        let payload = build_chat_completion_request(&request, OpenAiCompatConfig::openai());
+
+        // Then reasoning_content is included on the assistant message.
+        let assistant = &payload["messages"][0];
+        assert_eq!(assistant["reasoning_content"], json!("prior reasoning"));
+        assert_eq!(assistant["content"], json!("answer"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deepseek_v4_flash_request_includes_reasoning_content_for_assistant_history() {
+        // Given an assistant history turn containing thinking.
+        let request = assistant_history_with_thinking_request("deepseek-v4-flash");
+
+        // When serializing for DeepSeek V4 Flash.
+        let payload = build_chat_completion_request(&request, OpenAiCompatConfig::openai());
+
+        // Then reasoning_content is included on the assistant message.
+        let assistant = &payload["messages"][0];
+        assert_eq!(assistant["reasoning_content"], json!("prior reasoning"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_streaming_response_with_reasoning_content_emits_thinking_block_first() {
+        // Given a non-streaming OpenAI-compatible response with reasoning_content.
+        let response = super::ChatCompletionResponse {
+            id: "chatcmpl_reasoning".to_string(),
+            model: "deepseek-v4-pro".to_string(),
+            choices: vec![super::ChatChoice {
+                message: super::ChatMessage {
+                    role: "assistant".to_string(),
+                    content: Some("final answer".to_string()),
+                    reasoning_content: Some("hidden thought".to_string()),
+                    tool_calls: Vec::new(),
+                },
+                finish_reason: Some("stop".to_string()),
+            }],
+            usage: None,
+        };
+
+        // When normalizing the provider response.
+        let normalized = normalize_response("deepseek-v4-pro", response).expect("normalized");
+
+        // Then Thinking is the first content block, before text.
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.content,
+            vec![
+                OutputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                    thinking: "hidden thought".to_string(),
+                    signature: None,
+                },
+                OutputContentBlock::Text {
+                    text: "final answer".to_string(),
+                },
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn streaming_chunks_with_reasoning_content_emit_thinking_block_events_before_text() {
+        // Given streaming chunks with reasoning_content followed by text.
+        let mut state = StreamState::new("deepseek-v4-pro".to_string());
+        let mut events = state
+            .ingest_chunk(super::ChatCompletionChunk {
+                id: "chatcmpl_stream_reasoning".to_string(),
+                model: Some("deepseek-v4-pro".to_string()),
+                choices: vec![super::ChunkChoice {
+                    delta: super::ChunkDelta {
+                        content: None,
+                        reasoning_content: Some("think".to_string()),
+                        tool_calls: Vec::new(),
+                    },
+                    finish_reason: None,
+                }],
+                usage: None,
+            })
+            .expect("reasoning chunk");
+        events.extend(
+            state
+                .ingest_chunk(super::ChatCompletionChunk {
+                    id: "chatcmpl_stream_reasoning".to_string(),
+                    model: None,
+                    choices: vec![super::ChunkChoice {
+                        delta: super::ChunkDelta {
+                            content: Some(" answer".to_string()),
+                            reasoning_content: None,
+                            tool_calls: Vec::new(),
+                        },
+                        finish_reason: Some("stop".to_string()),
+                    }],
+                    usage: None,
+                })
+                .expect("text chunk"),
+        );
+        events.extend(state.finish().expect("finish"));
+
+        // When reading normalized stream events.
+        // Then Thinking starts at index 0, text is offset to index 1.
+        assert!(matches!(events[0], StreamEvent::MessageStart(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[1],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(ContentBlockStartEvent {
+                index: 0,
+                content_block: OutputContentBlock::Thinking { .. },
+            })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[2],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(ContentBlockDeltaEvent {
+                index: 0,
+                delta: ContentBlockDelta::ThinkingDelta { .. },
+            })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[3],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent { index: 0 })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[4],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(ContentBlockStartEvent {
+                index: 1,
+                content_block: OutputContentBlock::Text { .. },
+            })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[5],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockDelta(ContentBlockDeltaEvent {
+                index: 1,
+                delta: ContentBlockDelta::TextDelta { .. },
+            })
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            events[6],
+            StreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(ContentBlockStopEvent { index: 1 })
+        ));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tool_schema_object_gets_strict_fields_for_responses_endpoint() {
         // OpenAI /responses endpoint rejects object schemas missing
@@ -1624,6 +1899,27 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    fn assistant_history_with_thinking_request(model: &str) -> MessageRequest {
+        MessageRequest {
+            model: model.to_string(),
+            max_tokens: 100,
+            messages: vec![InputMessage {
+                role: "assistant".to_string(),
+                content: vec![
+                    InputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                        thinking: "prior reasoning".to_string(),
+                        signature: None,
+                    },
+                    InputContentBlock::Text {
+                        text: "answer".to_string(),
+                    },
+                ],
+            }],
+            stream: false,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
     fn env_lock() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, ()> {
         static LOCK: OnceLock<Mutex<()>> = OnceLock::new();
         LOCK.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(()))

rust/crates/api/src/types.rs

@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ pub enum InputContentBlock {
     Text {
         text: String,
     },
+    Thinking {
+        thinking: String,
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        signature: Option<String>,
+    },
     ToolUse {
         id: String,
         name: String,
@@ -268,8 +273,9 @@ pub enum StreamEvent {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use runtime::format_usd;
+    use serde_json::json;
 
-    use super::{MessageResponse, Usage};
+    use super::{InputContentBlock, MessageResponse, Usage};
 
     #[test]
     fn usage_total_tokens_includes_cache_tokens() {
@@ -307,4 +313,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(format_usd(cost.total_cost_usd()), "$54.6750");
         assert_eq!(response.total_tokens(), 1_800_000);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn input_content_block_thinking_serializes_with_snake_case_type() {
+        // given
+        let block = InputContentBlock::Thinking {
+            thinking: "pondering".to_string(),
+            signature: Some("sig_123".to_string()),
+        };
+
+        // when
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&block).unwrap();
+        let deserialized: InputContentBlock = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "type": "thinking",
+            "thinking": "pondering",
+            "signature": "sig_123"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // then
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialized,
+            json!({
+                "type": "thinking",
+                "thinking": "pondering",
+                "signature": "sig_123"
+            })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(deserialized, block);
+    }
 }

rust/crates/api/tests/openai_compat_integration.rs

@@ -63,6 +63,50 @@ async fn send_message_uses_openai_compatible_endpoint_and_auth() {
     assert_eq!(body["tools"][0]["type"], json!("function"));
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn send_message_preserves_deepseek_reasoning_content_before_text() {
+    let state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<CapturedRequest>::new()));
+    let body = concat!(
+        "{",
+        "\"id\":\"chatcmpl_deepseek_reasoning\",",
+        "\"model\":\"deepseek-v4-pro\",",
+        "\"choices\":[{",
+        "\"message\":{\"role\":\"assistant\",\"reasoning_content\":\"Think first\",\"content\":\"Answer second\",\"tool_calls\":[]},",
+        "\"finish_reason\":\"stop\"",
+        "}],",
+        "\"usage\":{\"prompt_tokens\":11,\"completion_tokens\":5}",
+        "}"
+    );
+    let server = spawn_server(
+        state.clone(),
+        vec![http_response("200 OK", "application/json", body)],
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    let client = OpenAiCompatClient::new("openai-test-key", OpenAiCompatConfig::openai())
+        .with_base_url(server.base_url());
+    let response = client
+        .send_message(&MessageRequest {
+            model: "openai/deepseek-v4-pro".to_string(),
+            ..sample_request(false)
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("request should succeed");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        response.content,
+        vec![
+            OutputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                thinking: "Think first".to_string(),
+                signature: None,
+            },
+            OutputContentBlock::Text {
+                text: "Answer second".to_string(),
+            },
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn send_message_blocks_oversized_xai_requests_before_the_http_call() {
     let state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<CapturedRequest>::new()));

rust/crates/commands/src/lib.rs

@@ -2490,6 +2490,13 @@ pub fn classify_skills_slash_command(args: Option<&str>) -> SkillSlashDispatch {
         None | Some("list" | "help" | "-h" | "--help" | "show" | "info" | "describe") => {
             SkillSlashDispatch::Local
         }
+        Some(args)
+            if args
+                .split_whitespace()
+                .any(|part| matches!(part, "-h" | "--help")) =>
+        {
+            SkillSlashDispatch::Local
+        }
         Some(args) if args == "install" || args.starts_with("install ") => {
             SkillSlashDispatch::Local
         }

rust/crates/mock-anthropic-service/src/lib.rs

@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ fn detect_scenario(request: &MessageRequest) -> Option<Scenario> {
                 .split_whitespace()
                 .find_map(|token| token.strip_prefix(SCENARIO_PREFIX))
                 .and_then(Scenario::parse),
+            InputContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => None,
             _ => None,
         })
     })

rust/crates/runtime/src/compact.rs

@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ fn summarize_messages(messages: &[ConversationMessage]) -> String {
             ContentBlock::ToolUse { name, .. } => Some(name.as_str()),
             ContentBlock::ToolResult { tool_name, .. } => Some(tool_name.as_str()),
             ContentBlock::Text { .. } => None,
+            ContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => None,
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     tool_names.sort_unstable();
@@ -317,6 +318,9 @@ fn merge_compact_summaries(existing_summary: Option<&str>, new_summary: &str) ->
 fn summarize_block(block: &ContentBlock) -> String {
     let raw = match block {
         ContentBlock::Text { text } => text.clone(),
+        ContentBlock::Thinking { thinking, .. } => {
+            format!("thinking ({} chars)", thinking.chars().count())
+        }
         ContentBlock::ToolUse { name, input, .. } => format!("tool_use {name}({input})"),
         ContentBlock::ToolResult {
             tool_name,
@@ -378,6 +382,7 @@ fn collect_key_files(messages: &[ConversationMessage]) -> Vec<String> {
             ContentBlock::Text { text } => text.as_str(),
             ContentBlock::ToolUse { input, .. } => input.as_str(),
             ContentBlock::ToolResult { output, .. } => output.as_str(),
+            ContentBlock::Thinking { thinking, .. } => thinking.as_str(),
         })
         .flat_map(extract_file_candidates)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -400,6 +405,7 @@ fn first_text_block(message: &ConversationMessage) -> Option<&str> {
         ContentBlock::Text { text } if !text.trim().is_empty() => Some(text.as_str()),
         ContentBlock::ToolUse { .. }
         | ContentBlock::ToolResult { .. }
+        | ContentBlock::Thinking { .. }
         | ContentBlock::Text { .. } => None,
     })
 }
@@ -450,6 +456,10 @@ fn estimate_message_tokens(message: &ConversationMessage) -> usize {
             ContentBlock::ToolResult {
                 tool_name, output, ..
             } => (tool_name.len() + output.len()) / 4 + 1,
+            ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                thinking,
+                signature,
+            } => thinking.len() / 4 + signature.as_ref().map_or(0, |value| value.len() / 4 + 1),
         })
         .sum()
 }

rust/crates/runtime/src/conversation.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ pub struct ApiRequest {
 /// Streamed events emitted while processing a single assistant turn.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum AssistantEvent {
+    Thinking {
+        thinking: String,
+        signature: Option<String>,
+    },
     TextDelta(String),
     ToolUse {
         id: String,
@@ -721,6 +725,16 @@ fn build_assistant_message(
 
     for event in events {
         match event {
+            AssistantEvent::Thinking {
+                thinking,
+                signature,
+            } => {
+                flush_text_block(&mut text, &mut blocks);
+                blocks.push(ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                    thinking,
+                    signature,
+                });
+            }
             AssistantEvent::TextDelta(delta) => text.push_str(&delta),
             AssistantEvent::ToolUse { id, name, input } => {
                 flush_text_block(&mut text, &mut blocks);
@@ -1723,6 +1737,47 @@ mod tests {
             .contains("assistant stream produced no content"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn build_assistant_message_places_thinking_block_before_text_and_tool_use() {
+        // given
+        let events = vec![
+            AssistantEvent::Thinking {
+                thinking: "pondering".to_string(),
+                signature: Some("sig".to_string()),
+            },
+            AssistantEvent::TextDelta("hello".to_string()),
+            AssistantEvent::ToolUse {
+                id: "tool-1".to_string(),
+                name: "echo".to_string(),
+                input: "payload".to_string(),
+            },
+            AssistantEvent::MessageStop,
+        ];
+
+        // when
+        let (message, _, _) = build_assistant_message(events)
+            .expect("assistant message should preserve thinking, text, and tool blocks");
+
+        // then
+        assert_eq!(
+            message.blocks,
+            vec![
+                ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                    thinking: "pondering".to_string(),
+                    signature: Some("sig".to_string()),
+                },
+                ContentBlock::Text {
+                    text: "hello".to_string(),
+                },
+                ContentBlock::ToolUse {
+                    id: "tool-1".to_string(),
+                    name: "echo".to_string(),
+                    input: "payload".to_string(),
+                },
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn static_tool_executor_rejects_unknown_tools() {
         // given

rust/crates/runtime/src/lib.rs

@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ pub use policy_engine::{
     PolicyEngine, PolicyRule, ReconcileReason, ReviewStatus,
 };
 pub use prompt::{
-    load_system_prompt, prepend_bullets, ContextFile, ProjectContext, PromptBuildError,
-    SystemPromptBuilder, FRONTIER_MODEL_NAME, SYSTEM_PROMPT_DYNAMIC_BOUNDARY,
+    load_system_prompt, prepend_bullets, ContextFile, ModelFamilyIdentity, ProjectContext,
+    PromptBuildError, SystemPromptBuilder, FRONTIER_MODEL_NAME, SYSTEM_PROMPT_DYNAMIC_BOUNDARY,
 };
 pub use recovery_recipes::{
     attempt_recovery, recipe_for, EscalationPolicy, FailureScenario, RecoveryContext,

rust/crates/runtime/src/prompt.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,24 @@ pub const FRONTIER_MODEL_NAME: &str = "Claude Opus 4.6";
 const MAX_INSTRUCTION_FILE_CHARS: usize = 4_000;
 const MAX_TOTAL_INSTRUCTION_CHARS: usize = 12_000;
 
+/// Neutral identity for the model family line in generated prompts.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ModelFamilyIdentity {
+    #[default]
+    Claude,
+    Generic,
+}
+
+impl ModelFamilyIdentity {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn family_label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Claude => FRONTIER_MODEL_NAME,
+            Self::Generic => "an AI assistant",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Contents of an instruction file included in prompt construction.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ContextFile {
@@ -97,6 +115,7 @@ pub struct SystemPromptBuilder {
     output_style_prompt: Option<String>,
     os_name: Option<String>,
     os_version: Option<String>,
+    model_family: Option<ModelFamilyIdentity>,
     append_sections: Vec<String>,
     project_context: Option<ProjectContext>,
     config: Option<RuntimeConfig>,
@@ -122,6 +141,12 @@ impl SystemPromptBuilder {
         self
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_model_family(mut self, model_family: ModelFamilyIdentity) -> Self {
+        self.model_family = Some(model_family);
+        self
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn with_project_context(mut self, project_context: ProjectContext) -> Self {
         self.project_context = Some(project_context);
@@ -179,9 +204,10 @@ impl SystemPromptBuilder {
             || "unknown".to_string(),
             |context| context.current_date.clone(),
         );
+        let identity = self.model_family.unwrap_or_default();
         let mut lines = vec!["# Environment context".to_string()];
         lines.extend(prepend_bullets(vec![
-            format!("Model family: {FRONTIER_MODEL_NAME}"),
+            format!("Model family: {}", identity.family_label()),
             format!("Working directory: {cwd}"),
             format!("Date: {date}"),
             format!(
@@ -434,12 +460,14 @@ pub fn load_system_prompt(
     current_date: impl Into<String>,
     os_name: impl Into<String>,
     os_version: impl Into<String>,
+    model_family: ModelFamilyIdentity,
 ) -> Result<Vec<String>, PromptBuildError> {
     let cwd = cwd.into();
     let project_context = ProjectContext::discover_with_git(&cwd, current_date.into())?;
     let config = ConfigLoader::default_for(&cwd).load()?;
     Ok(SystemPromptBuilder::new()
         .with_os(os_name, os_version)
+        .with_model_family(model_family)
         .with_project_context(project_context)
         .with_runtime_config(config)
         .build())
@@ -522,7 +550,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::{
         collapse_blank_lines, display_context_path, normalize_instruction_content,
         render_instruction_content, render_instruction_files, truncate_instruction_content,
-        ContextFile, ProjectContext, SystemPromptBuilder, SYSTEM_PROMPT_DYNAMIC_BOUNDARY,
+        ContextFile, ModelFamilyIdentity, ProjectContext, SystemPromptBuilder,
+        SYSTEM_PROMPT_DYNAMIC_BOUNDARY,
     };
     use crate::config::ConfigLoader;
     use std::fs;
@@ -804,13 +833,19 @@ mod tests {
         std::env::set_var("HOME", &root);
         std::env::set_var("CLAW_CONFIG_HOME", root.join("missing-home"));
         std::env::set_current_dir(&root).expect("change cwd");
-        let prompt = super::load_system_prompt(&root, "2026-03-31", "linux", "6.8")
-            .expect("system prompt should load")
-            .join(
-                "
+        let prompt = super::load_system_prompt(
+            &root,
+            "2026-03-31",
+            "linux",
+            "6.8",
+            ModelFamilyIdentity::Claude,
+        )
+        .expect("system prompt should load")
+        .join(
+            "
 
 ",
-            );
+        );
         std::env::set_current_dir(previous).expect("restore cwd");
         if let Some(value) = original_home {
             std::env::set_var("HOME", value);
@@ -828,6 +863,50 @@ mod tests {
         fs::remove_dir_all(root).expect("cleanup temp dir");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn renders_default_claude_model_family_identity() {
+        // given: a prompt builder without an explicit model family override
+        let project_context = ProjectContext {
+            cwd: PathBuf::from("/tmp/project"),
+            current_date: "2026-03-31".to_string(),
+            ..ProjectContext::default()
+        };
+
+        // when: rendering the system prompt environment section
+        let prompt = SystemPromptBuilder::new()
+            .with_os("linux", "6.8")
+            .with_project_context(project_context)
+            .render();
+
+        // then: the Claude model family label is preserved by default
+        assert!(prompt.contains("Model family: Claude Opus 4.6"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn renders_generic_model_family_identity_without_claude_label() {
+        // given: a prompt builder with generic model family identity
+        let project_context = ProjectContext {
+            cwd: PathBuf::from("/tmp/project"),
+            current_date: "2026-03-31".to_string(),
+            ..ProjectContext::default()
+        };
+
+        // when: rendering the system prompt environment section
+        let prompt = SystemPromptBuilder::new()
+            .with_os("linux", "6.8")
+            .with_model_family(ModelFamilyIdentity::Generic)
+            .with_project_context(project_context)
+            .render();
+        let model_family_line = prompt
+            .lines()
+            .find(|line| line.contains("Model family:"))
+            .expect("model family line should render");
+
+        // then: the model family line is neutral and excludes Claude Opus 4.6
+        assert_eq!(model_family_line, " - Model family: an AI assistant");
+        assert!(!model_family_line.contains("Claude Opus 4.6"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn renders_claude_code_style_sections_with_project_context() {
         let root = temp_dir();

rust/crates/runtime/src/session.rs

@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ pub enum ContentBlock {
     Text {
         text: String,
     },
+    Thinking {
+        thinking: String,
+        signature: Option<String>,
+    },
     ToolUse {
         id: String,
         name: String,
@@ -737,6 +741,22 @@ impl ContentBlock {
                 object.insert("type".to_string(), JsonValue::String("text".to_string()));
                 object.insert("text".to_string(), JsonValue::String(text.clone()));
             }
+            Self::Thinking {
+                thinking,
+                signature,
+            } => {
+                object.insert(
+                    "type".to_string(),
+                    JsonValue::String("thinking".to_string()),
+                );
+                object.insert("thinking".to_string(), JsonValue::String(thinking.clone()));
+                if let Some(signature) = signature {
+                    object.insert(
+                        "signature".to_string(),
+                        JsonValue::String(signature.clone()),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
             Self::ToolUse { id, name, input } => {
                 object.insert(
                     "type".to_string(),
@@ -783,6 +803,13 @@ impl ContentBlock {
             "text" => Ok(Self::Text {
                 text: required_string(object, "text")?,
             }),
+            "thinking" => Ok(Self::Thinking {
+                thinking: required_string(object, "thinking")?,
+                signature: object
+                    .get("signature")
+                    .and_then(JsonValue::as_str)
+                    .map(String::from),
+            }),
             "tool_use" => Ok(Self::ToolUse {
                 id: required_string(object, "id")?,
                 name: required_string(object, "name")?,
@@ -1208,6 +1235,36 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(restored.session_id, session.session_id);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn persists_assistant_thinking_block_round_trip_through_jsonl() {
+        // given
+        let mut session = Session::new();
+        session
+            .push_message(ConversationMessage::assistant(vec![
+                ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                    thinking: "trace the path through session persistence".to_string(),
+                    signature: Some("sig-123".to_string()),
+                },
+            ]))
+            .expect("thinking block should append");
+        let path = temp_session_path("thinking-jsonl");
+
+        // when
+        session.save_to_path(&path).expect("session should save");
+        let restored = Session::load_from_path(&path).expect("session should load");
+        fs::remove_file(&path).expect("temp file should be removable");
+
+        // then
+        assert_eq!(restored, session);
+        assert_eq!(
+            restored.messages[0].blocks[0],
+            ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                thinking: "trace the path through session persistence".to_string(),
+                signature: Some("sig-123".to_string()),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn loads_legacy_session_json_object() {
         let path = temp_session_path("legacy");

rust/crates/rusty-claude-cli/src/main.rs

@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@ use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use api::{
-    detect_provider_kind, resolve_startup_auth_source, AnthropicClient, AuthSource,
-    ContentBlockDelta, InputContentBlock, InputMessage, MessageRequest, MessageResponse,
-    OutputContentBlock, PromptCache, ProviderClient as ApiProviderClient, ProviderKind,
-    StreamEvent as ApiStreamEvent, ToolChoice, ToolDefinition, ToolResultContentBlock,
+    detect_provider_kind, model_family_identity_for, resolve_startup_auth_source, AnthropicClient,
+    AuthSource, ContentBlockDelta, InputContentBlock, InputMessage, MessageRequest,
+    MessageResponse, OutputContentBlock, PromptCache, ProviderClient as ApiProviderClient,
+    ProviderKind, StreamEvent as ApiStreamEvent, ToolChoice, ToolDefinition,
+    ToolResultContentBlock,
 };
 
 use commands::{
@@ -357,8 +358,9 @@ fn run() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         CliAction::PrintSystemPrompt {
             cwd,
             date,
+            model,
             output_format,
-        } => print_system_prompt(cwd, date, output_format)?,
+        } => print_system_prompt(cwd, date, &model, output_format)?,
         CliAction::Version { output_format } => print_version(output_format)?,
         CliAction::ResumeSession {
             session_path,
@@ -498,6 +500,7 @@ enum CliAction {
     PrintSystemPrompt {
         cwd: PathBuf,
         date: String,
+        model: String,
         output_format: CliOutputFormat,
     },
     Version {
@@ -960,7 +963,7 @@ fn parse_args(args: &[String]) -> Result<CliAction, String> {
                 }),
             }
         }
-        "system-prompt" => parse_system_prompt_args(&rest[1..], output_format),
+        "system-prompt" => parse_system_prompt_args(&rest[1..], model, output_format),
         "acp" => parse_acp_args(&rest[1..], output_format),
         "login" | "logout" => Err(removed_auth_surface_error(rest[0].as_str())),
         "init" => Ok(CliAction::Init { output_format }),
@@ -1638,6 +1641,7 @@ fn filter_tool_specs(
 
 fn parse_system_prompt_args(
     args: &[String],
+    model: String,
     output_format: CliOutputFormat,
 ) -> Result<CliAction, String> {
     let mut cwd = env::current_dir().map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
@@ -1674,6 +1678,7 @@ fn parse_system_prompt_args(
     Ok(CliAction::PrintSystemPrompt {
         cwd,
         date,
+        model,
         output_format,
     })
 }
@@ -2614,9 +2619,16 @@ fn print_bootstrap_plan(output_format: CliOutputFormat) -> Result<(), Box<dyn st
 fn print_system_prompt(
     cwd: PathBuf,
     date: String,
+    model: &str,
     output_format: CliOutputFormat,
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-    let sections = load_system_prompt(cwd, date, env::consts::OS, "unknown")?;
+    let sections = load_system_prompt(
+        cwd,
+        date,
+        env::consts::OS,
+        "unknown",
+        model_family_identity_for(model),
+    )?;
     let message = sections.join(
         "
 
@@ -4394,7 +4406,7 @@ impl LiveCli {
         allowed_tools: Option<AllowedToolSet>,
         permission_mode: PermissionMode,
     ) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-        let system_prompt = build_system_prompt()?;
+        let system_prompt = build_system_prompt(&model)?;
         let session_state = new_cli_session()?;
         let session = create_managed_session_handle(&session_state.session_id)?;
         let runtime = build_runtime(
@@ -4530,6 +4542,10 @@ impl LiveCli {
                     TerminalRenderer::new().color_theme(),
                     &mut stdout,
                 )?;
+                let final_text = final_assistant_text(&summary);
+                if !final_text.is_empty() {
+                    println!("{final_text}");
+                }
                 println!();
                 if let Some(event) = summary.auto_compaction {
                     println!(
@@ -7005,6 +7021,7 @@ fn render_export_text(session: &Session) -> String {
         for block in &message.blocks {
             match block {
                 ContentBlock::Text { text } => lines.push(text.clone()),
+                ContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => {}
                 ContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => {
                     lines.push(format!("[tool_use id={id} name={name}] {input}"));
                 }
@@ -7191,6 +7208,7 @@ fn render_session_markdown(session: &Session, session_id: &str, session_path: &P
                         lines.push(String::new());
                     }
                 }
+                ContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => {}
                 ContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => {
                     lines.push(format!(
                         "**Tool call** `{name}` _(id `{}`)_",
@@ -7244,12 +7262,13 @@ fn short_tool_id(id: &str) -> String {
     format!("{prefix}…")
 }
 
-fn build_system_prompt() -> Result<Vec<String>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+fn build_system_prompt(model: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     Ok(load_system_prompt(
         env::current_dir()?,
         DEFAULT_DATE,
         env::consts::OS,
         "unknown",
+        model_family_identity_for(model),
     )?)
 }
 
@@ -9211,26 +9230,29 @@ fn convert_messages(messages: &[ConversationMessage]) -> Vec<InputMessage> {
             let content = message
                 .blocks
                 .iter()
-                .map(|block| match block {
-                    ContentBlock::Text { text } => InputContentBlock::Text { text: text.clone() },
-                    ContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => InputContentBlock::ToolUse {
+                .filter_map(|block| match block {
+                    ContentBlock::Text { text } => {
+                        Some(InputContentBlock::Text { text: text.clone() })
+                    }
+                    ContentBlock::Thinking { .. } => None,
+                    ContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => Some(InputContentBlock::ToolUse {
                         id: id.clone(),
                         name: name.clone(),
                         input: serde_json::from_str(input)
                             .unwrap_or_else(|_| serde_json::json!({ "raw": input })),
-                    },
+                    }),
                     ContentBlock::ToolResult {
                         tool_use_id,
                         output,
                         is_error,
                         ..
-                    } => InputContentBlock::ToolResult {
+                    } => Some(InputContentBlock::ToolResult {
                         tool_use_id: tool_use_id.clone(),
                         content: vec![ToolResultContentBlock::Text {
                             text: output.clone(),
                         }],
                         is_error: *is_error,
-                    },
+                    }),
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             (!content.is_empty()).then(|| InputMessage {
@@ -9628,7 +9650,9 @@ mod tests {
             "{rendered}"
         );
         assert!(
-            rendered.contains("Detail           Input tokens exceed the configured limit of 922000 tokens."),
+            rendered.contains(
+                "Detail           Input tokens exceed the configured limit of 922000 tokens."
+            ),
             "{rendered}"
         );
         assert!(rendered.contains("Compact          /compact"), "{rendered}");
@@ -10264,6 +10288,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn parses_system_prompt_options() {
+        // given: system-prompt options for cwd and date
         let args = vec![
             "system-prompt".to_string(),
             "--cwd".to_string(),
@@ -10271,16 +10296,43 @@ mod tests {
             "--date".to_string(),
             "2026-04-01".to_string(),
         ];
+
+        // when: parsing the direct system-prompt command
+        let action = parse_args(&args).expect("args should parse");
+
+        // then: the action carries prompt options and default model
         assert_eq!(
-            parse_args(&args).expect("args should parse"),
+            action,
             CliAction::PrintSystemPrompt {
                 cwd: PathBuf::from("/tmp/project"),
                 date: "2026-04-01".to_string(),
+                model: DEFAULT_MODEL.to_string(),
                 output_format: CliOutputFormat::Text,
             }
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_global_model_for_system_prompt() {
+        // given: a global OpenAI-compatible model before system-prompt
+        let args = vec![
+            "--model".to_string(),
+            "openai/gpt-4.1-mini".to_string(),
+            "system-prompt".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        // when: parsing the CLI arguments
+        let action = parse_args(&args).expect("args should parse");
+
+        // then: the system-prompt action carries the selected model
+        match action {
+            CliAction::PrintSystemPrompt { model, .. } => {
+                assert_eq!(model, "openai/gpt-4.1-mini");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected PrintSystemPrompt, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn removed_login_and_logout_subcommands_error_helpfully() {
         let login = parse_args(&["login".to_string()]).expect_err("login should be removed");

rust/crates/rusty-claude-cli/tests/compact_output.rs

@@ -126,6 +126,66 @@ fn compact_flag_streaming_text_only_emits_final_message_text() {
     fs::remove_dir_all(&workspace).expect("workspace cleanup should succeed");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn text_prompt_mode_prints_final_assistant_text_after_spinner() {
+    // given a workspace pointed at the mock Anthropic service running the
+    // streaming_text scenario which only emits a single assistant text block
+    let runtime = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().expect("tokio runtime should build");
+    let server = runtime
+        .block_on(MockAnthropicService::spawn())
+        .expect("mock service should start");
+    let base_url = server.base_url();
+
+    let workspace = unique_temp_dir("text-prompt-mode");
+    let config_home = workspace.join("config-home");
+    let home = workspace.join("home");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&workspace).expect("workspace should exist");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&config_home).expect("config home should exist");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&home).expect("home should exist");
+
+    // when we invoke claw in normal text prompt mode for the streaming text scenario
+    let prompt = format!("{SCENARIO_PREFIX}streaming_text");
+    let output = run_claw(
+        &workspace,
+        &config_home,
+        &home,
+        &base_url,
+        &[
+            "--model",
+            "sonnet",
+            "--permission-mode",
+            "read-only",
+            &prompt,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // then stdout should contain the final assistant text, not just spinner output
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "text prompt run should succeed\nstdout:\n{}\n\nstderr:\n{}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr),
+    );
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout).expect("stdout should be utf8");
+    let plain_stdout = strip_ansi_codes(&stdout);
+    assert!(
+        plain_stdout.contains("Mock streaming says hello from the parity harness."),
+        "text prompt stdout should include the assistant text ({stdout:?})"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        plain_stdout.contains("✔ ✨ Done"),
+        "text prompt stdout should still include spinner completion ({stdout:?})"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        plain_stdout
+            .lines()
+            .any(|line| line == "Mock streaming says hello from the parity harness."),
+        "text prompt stdout should print the assistant text as its own line ({stdout:?})"
+    );
+
+    fs::remove_dir_all(&workspace).expect("workspace cleanup should succeed");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn compact_flag_with_json_output_emits_structured_json() {
     let runtime = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().expect("tokio runtime should build");
@@ -215,3 +275,21 @@ fn unique_temp_dir(label: &str) -> PathBuf {
         std::process::id()
     ))
 }
+
+fn strip_ansi_codes(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut output = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    let mut chars = input.chars().peekable();
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+        if ch == '\u{1b}' && matches!(chars.peek(), Some('[')) {
+            chars.next();
+            while let Some(next) = chars.next() {
+                if ('@'..='~').contains(&next) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        output.push(ch);
+    }
+    output
+}

rust/crates/rusty-claude-cli/tests/compact_repl_panic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::{Command, Output, Stdio};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+static TEMP_COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+#[test]
+fn compact_slash_command_in_repl_does_not_start_nested_tokio_runtime() {
+    // given
+    let workspace = unique_temp_dir("compact-repl-panic");
+    let config_home = workspace.join("config-home");
+    let home = workspace.join("home");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&workspace).expect("workspace should exist");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&config_home).expect("config home should exist");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&home).expect("home should exist");
+
+    // when
+    let output = run_claw_repl(&workspace, &config_home, &home, "/compact\n/exit\n");
+
+    // then
+    assert!(
+        output.status.success(),
+        "compact repl run should succeed\nstdout:\n{}\n\nstderr:\n{}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr),
+    );
+    let stderr = String::from_utf8(output.stderr).expect("stderr should be utf8");
+    assert!(
+        !stderr.contains("Cannot start a runtime"),
+        "stderr must not contain nested runtime panic: {stderr:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !stderr.contains("panicked at"),
+        "stderr must not contain panic output: {stderr:?}"
+    );
+
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout).expect("stdout should be utf8");
+    let plain_stdout = strip_ansi_codes(&stdout);
+    assert!(
+        plain_stdout.contains("Compaction skipped")
+            || plain_stdout.contains("Result           skipped")
+            || plain_stdout.contains("Result           compacted"),
+        "stdout should contain compact report output ({stdout:?})"
+    );
+
+    fs::remove_dir_all(&workspace).expect("workspace cleanup should succeed");
+}
+
+fn run_claw_repl(
+    cwd: &std::path::Path,
+    config_home: &std::path::Path,
+    home: &std::path::Path,
+    stdin: &str,
+) -> Output {
+    let mut command = python_pty_command(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_claw"));
+    let mut child = command
+        .current_dir(cwd)
+        .env_clear()
+        .env("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY", "test-compact-repl-key")
+        .env("CLAW_CONFIG_HOME", config_home)
+        .env("HOME", home)
+        .env("NO_COLOR", "1")
+        .env("PATH", "/usr/bin:/bin")
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .spawn()
+        .expect("claw should launch");
+
+    child
+        .stdin
+        .as_mut()
+        .expect("stdin should be piped")
+        .write_all(stdin.as_bytes())
+        .expect("stdin should write");
+
+    child.wait_with_output().expect("claw should finish")
+}
+
+fn python_pty_command(claw: &str) -> Command {
+    let mut command = Command::new("python3");
+    command.args([
+        "-c",
+        r#"
+import os
+import pty
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+claw = sys.argv[1]
+payload = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
+master, slave = pty.openpty()
+child = subprocess.Popen([claw], stdin=slave, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+os.close(slave)
+os.write(master, payload)
+stdout, stderr = child.communicate(timeout=30)
+os.close(master)
+sys.stdout.buffer.write(stdout)
+sys.stderr.buffer.write(stderr)
+raise SystemExit(child.returncode)
+"#,
+        claw,
+    ]);
+    command
+}
+
+fn unique_temp_dir(label: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    let millis = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("clock should be after epoch")
+        .as_millis();
+    let counter = TEMP_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+        "claw-{label}-{}-{millis}-{counter}",
+        std::process::id()
+    ))
+}
+
+fn strip_ansi_codes(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut output = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    let mut chars = input.chars().peekable();
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+        if ch == '\u{1b}' && matches!(chars.peek(), Some('[')) {
+            chars.next();
+            for next in chars.by_ref() {
+                if ('@'..='~').contains(&next) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        output.push(ch);
+    }
+    output
+}

rust/crates/tools/src/lib.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ use std::process::Command;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use api::{
-    max_tokens_for_model, resolve_model_alias, ApiError, ContentBlockDelta, InputContentBlock,
-    InputMessage, MessageRequest, MessageResponse, OutputContentBlock, ProviderClient,
-    StreamEvent as ApiStreamEvent, ToolChoice, ToolDefinition, ToolResultContentBlock,
+    max_tokens_for_model, model_family_identity_for, resolve_model_alias, ApiError,
+    ContentBlockDelta, InputContentBlock, InputMessage, MessageRequest, MessageResponse,
+    OutputContentBlock, ProviderClient, StreamEvent as ApiStreamEvent, ToolChoice, ToolDefinition,
+    ToolResultContentBlock,
 };
 use plugins::PluginTool;
 use reqwest::blocking::Client;
@@ -3075,27 +3076,33 @@ fn extract_quoted_value(input: &str) -> Option<(String, &str)> {
 }
 
 fn decode_duckduckgo_redirect(url: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    if url.starts_with("http://") || url.starts_with("https://") {
-        return Some(html_entity_decode_url(url));
-    }
-
-    let joined = if url.starts_with("//") {
-        format!("https:{url}")
-    } else if url.starts_with('/') {
-        format!("https://duckduckgo.com{url}")
+    let decoded = html_entity_decode_url(url);
+    let parsed = if decoded.starts_with("http://") || decoded.starts_with("https://") {
+        reqwest::Url::parse(&decoded).ok()
+    } else if decoded.starts_with("//") {
+        reqwest::Url::parse(&format!("https:{decoded}")).ok()
+    } else if decoded.starts_with('/') {
+        reqwest::Url::parse(&format!("https://duckduckgo.com{decoded}")).ok()
     } else {
         return None;
-    };
+    }?;
 
-    let parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(&joined).ok()?;
-    if parsed.path() == "/l/" || parsed.path() == "/l" {
+    let host = parsed.host_str().unwrap_or_default().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if (host == "duckduckgo.com" || host.ends_with(".duckduckgo.com"))
+        && (parsed.path() == "/l/" || parsed.path() == "/l")
+    {
         for (key, value) in parsed.query_pairs() {
             if key == "uddg" {
                 return Some(html_entity_decode_url(value.as_ref()));
             }
         }
     }
-    Some(joined)
+
+    if decoded.starts_with("http://") || decoded.starts_with("https://") {
+        Some(decoded)
+    } else {
+        Some(parsed.to_string())
+    }
 }
 
 fn html_entity_decode_url(url: &str) -> String {
@@ -3510,7 +3517,7 @@ where
         .filter(|name| !name.is_empty())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| slugify_agent_name(&input.description));
     let created_at = iso8601_now();
-    let system_prompt = build_agent_system_prompt(&normalized_subagent_type)?;
+    let system_prompt = build_agent_system_prompt(&normalized_subagent_type, &model)?;
     let allowed_tools = allowed_tools_for_subagent(&normalized_subagent_type);
 
     let output_contents = format!(
@@ -3623,13 +3630,14 @@ fn build_agent_runtime(
     ))
 }
 
-fn build_agent_system_prompt(subagent_type: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+fn build_agent_system_prompt(subagent_type: &str, model: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     let cwd = std::env::current_dir().map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
     let mut prompt = load_system_prompt(
         cwd,
         DEFAULT_AGENT_SYSTEM_DATE.to_string(),
         std::env::consts::OS,
         "unknown",
+        model_family_identity_for(model),
     )
     .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
     prompt.push(format!(
@@ -4630,13 +4638,21 @@ async fn stream_with_provider(
     let mut stream = client.stream_message(message_request).await?;
     let mut events = Vec::new();
     let mut pending_tools: BTreeMap<u32, (String, String, String)> = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut pending_thinking: BTreeMap<u32, (String, Option<String>)> = BTreeMap::new();
     let mut saw_stop = false;
 
     while let Some(event) = stream.next_event().await? {
         match event {
             ApiStreamEvent::MessageStart(start) => {
                 for block in start.message.content {
-                    push_output_block(block, 0, &mut events, &mut pending_tools, true);
+                    push_output_block(
+                        block,
+                        0,
+                        &mut events,
+                        &mut pending_tools,
+                        &mut pending_thinking,
+                        true,
+                    );
                 }
             }
             ApiStreamEvent::ContentBlockStart(start) => {
@@ -4645,6 +4661,7 @@ async fn stream_with_provider(
                     start.index,
                     &mut events,
                     &mut pending_tools,
+                    &mut pending_thinking,
                     true,
                 );
             }
@@ -4659,10 +4676,26 @@ async fn stream_with_provider(
                         input.push_str(&partial_json);
                     }
                 }
-                ContentBlockDelta::ThinkingDelta { .. }
-                | ContentBlockDelta::SignatureDelta { .. } => {}
+                ContentBlockDelta::ThinkingDelta { thinking } => {
+                    if let Some((pending, _)) = pending_thinking.get_mut(&delta.index) {
+                        pending.push_str(&thinking);
+                    }
+                }
+                ContentBlockDelta::SignatureDelta { signature } => {
+                    if let Some((_, pending_signature)) = pending_thinking.get_mut(&delta.index) {
+                        pending_signature
+                            .get_or_insert_with(String::new)
+                            .push_str(&signature);
+                    }
+                }
             },
             ApiStreamEvent::ContentBlockStop(stop) => {
+                if let Some((thinking, signature)) = pending_thinking.remove(&stop.index) {
+                    events.push(AssistantEvent::Thinking {
+                        thinking,
+                        signature,
+                    });
+                }
                 if let Some((id, name, input)) = pending_tools.remove(&stop.index) {
                     events.push(AssistantEvent::ToolUse { id, name, input });
                 }
@@ -4759,6 +4792,13 @@ fn convert_messages(messages: &[ConversationMessage]) -> Vec<InputMessage> {
                 .iter()
                 .map(|block| match block {
                     ContentBlock::Text { text } => InputContentBlock::Text { text: text.clone() },
+                    ContentBlock::Thinking {
+                        thinking,
+                        signature,
+                    } => InputContentBlock::Thinking {
+                        thinking: thinking.clone(),
+                        signature: signature.clone(),
+                    },
                     ContentBlock::ToolUse { id, name, input } => InputContentBlock::ToolUse {
                         id: id.clone(),
                         name: name.clone(),
@@ -4778,6 +4818,9 @@ fn convert_messages(messages: &[ConversationMessage]) -> Vec<InputMessage> {
                         is_error: *is_error,
                     },
                 })
+                .filter(
+                    |block| !matches!(block, InputContentBlock::Text { text } if text.is_empty()),
+                )
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             (!content.is_empty()).then(|| InputMessage {
                 role: role.to_string(),
@@ -4792,6 +4835,7 @@ fn push_output_block(
     block_index: u32,
     events: &mut Vec<AssistantEvent>,
     pending_tools: &mut BTreeMap<u32, (String, String, String)>,
+    pending_thinking: &mut BTreeMap<u32, (String, Option<String>)>,
     streaming_tool_input: bool,
 ) {
     match block {
@@ -4811,17 +4855,38 @@ fn push_output_block(
             };
             pending_tools.insert(block_index, (id, name, initial_input));
         }
-        OutputContentBlock::Thinking { .. } | OutputContentBlock::RedactedThinking { .. } => {}
+        OutputContentBlock::Thinking {
+            thinking,
+            signature,
+        } => {
+            if streaming_tool_input {
+                pending_thinking.insert(block_index, (thinking, signature));
+            } else {
+                events.push(AssistantEvent::Thinking {
+                    thinking,
+                    signature,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        OutputContentBlock::RedactedThinking { .. } => {}
     }
 }
 
 fn response_to_events(response: MessageResponse) -> Vec<AssistantEvent> {
     let mut events = Vec::new();
     let mut pending_tools = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut pending_thinking = BTreeMap::new();
 
     for (index, block) in response.content.into_iter().enumerate() {
         let index = u32::try_from(index).expect("response block index overflow");
-        push_output_block(block, index, &mut events, &mut pending_tools, false);
+        push_output_block(
+            block,
+            index,
+            &mut events,
+            &mut pending_tools,
+            &mut pending_thinking,
+            false,
+        );
         if let Some((id, name, input)) = pending_tools.remove(&index) {
             events.push(AssistantEvent::ToolUse { id, name, input });
         }
@@ -6134,12 +6199,13 @@ mod tests {
     use std::time::Duration;
 
     use super::{
-        agent_permission_policy, allowed_tools_for_subagent, classify_lane_failure,
-        derive_agent_state, execute_agent_with_spawn, execute_tool, extract_recovery_outcome,
-        final_assistant_text, global_cron_registry, maybe_commit_provenance, mvp_tool_specs,
-        permission_mode_from_plugin, persist_agent_terminal_state, push_output_block,
-        run_task_packet, AgentInput, AgentJob, GlobalToolRegistry, LaneEventName, LaneFailureClass,
-        ProviderRuntimeClient, SubagentToolExecutor,
+        agent_permission_policy, allowed_tools_for_subagent, build_agent_system_prompt,
+        classify_lane_failure, derive_agent_state, execute_agent_with_spawn, execute_tool,
+        extract_recovery_outcome, final_assistant_text, global_cron_registry,
+        maybe_commit_provenance, mvp_tool_specs, permission_mode_from_plugin,
+        persist_agent_terminal_state, push_output_block, run_task_packet, AgentInput, AgentJob,
+        GlobalToolRegistry, LaneEventName, LaneFailureClass, ProviderRuntimeClient,
+        SubagentToolExecutor,
     };
     use api::OutputContentBlock;
     use runtime::ProviderFallbackConfig;
@@ -7148,10 +7214,103 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(error.contains("relative URL without a base") || error.contains("empty host"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn web_search_decodes_absolute_duckduckgo_redirect_urls() {
+        // given
+        let _guard = env_lock()
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let server = TestServer::spawn(Arc::new(|request_line: &str| {
+            assert!(request_line.contains("GET /search?q=duckduckgo+redirects "));
+            HttpResponse::html(
+                200,
+                "OK",
+                r#"
+                <html><body>
+                  <a rel="nofollow" class="result__a" href="https://duckduckgo.com/l/?uddg=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rs%2Freqwest&amp;rut=abc">Reqwest docs</a>
+                </body></html>
+                "#,
+            )
+        }));
+
+        // when
+        std::env::set_var(
+            "CLAWD_WEB_SEARCH_BASE_URL",
+            format!("http://{}/search", server.addr()),
+        );
+        let result = execute_tool(
+            "WebSearch",
+            &json!({
+                "query": "duckduckgo redirects"
+            }),
+        )
+        .expect("WebSearch should succeed");
+        std::env::remove_var("CLAWD_WEB_SEARCH_BASE_URL");
+
+        // then
+        let output: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).expect("valid json");
+        let results = output["results"].as_array().expect("results array");
+        let search_result = results
+            .iter()
+            .find(|item| item.get("content").is_some())
+            .expect("search result block present");
+        let content = search_result["content"].as_array().expect("content array");
+        assert_eq!(content.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["title"], "Reqwest docs");
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["url"], "https://docs.rs/reqwest");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn web_search_decodes_protocol_relative_duckduckgo_redirect_urls() {
+        // given
+        let _guard = env_lock()
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let server = TestServer::spawn(Arc::new(|request_line: &str| {
+            assert!(request_line.contains("GET /search?q=duckduckgo+protocol+relative "));
+            HttpResponse::html(
+                200,
+                "OK",
+                r#"
+                <html><body>
+                  <a rel="nofollow" class="result__a" href="//duckduckgo.com/l/?uddg=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rs%2Ftokio&amp;rut=xyz">Tokio Docs</a>
+                </body></html>
+                "#,
+            )
+        }));
+
+        // when
+        std::env::set_var(
+            "CLAWD_WEB_SEARCH_BASE_URL",
+            format!("http://{}/search", server.addr()),
+        );
+        let result = execute_tool(
+            "WebSearch",
+            &json!({
+                "query": "duckduckgo protocol relative"
+            }),
+        )
+        .expect("WebSearch should succeed");
+        std::env::remove_var("CLAWD_WEB_SEARCH_BASE_URL");
+
+        // then
+        let output: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).expect("valid json");
+        let results = output["results"].as_array().expect("results array");
+        let search_result = results
+            .iter()
+            .find(|item| item.get("content").is_some())
+            .expect("search result block present");
+        let content = search_result["content"].as_array().expect("content array");
+        assert_eq!(content.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["title"], "Tokio Docs");
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["url"], "https://docs.rs/tokio");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn pending_tools_preserve_multiple_streaming_tool_calls_by_index() {
         let mut events = Vec::new();
         let mut pending_tools = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut pending_thinking = BTreeMap::new();
 
         push_output_block(
             OutputContentBlock::ToolUse {
@@ -7162,6 +7321,7 @@ mod tests {
             1,
             &mut events,
             &mut pending_tools,
+            &mut pending_thinking,
             true,
         );
         push_output_block(
@@ -7173,6 +7333,7 @@ mod tests {
             2,
             &mut events,
             &mut pending_tools,
+            &mut pending_thinking,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -8409,6 +8570,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!verification.contains("write_file"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn subagent_system_prompt_uses_resolved_model_identity() {
+        // given: a temporary workspace and an OpenAI-compatible subagent model
+        let _guard = env_guard();
+        let root = temp_path("subagent-prompt-identity");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&root).expect("create temp workspace");
+        let previous = std::env::current_dir().expect("current dir");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&root).expect("enter temp workspace");
+
+        // when: building the subagent system prompt
+        let prompt = build_agent_system_prompt("Explore", "openai/gpt-4.1-mini")
+            .expect("subagent system prompt should build")
+            .join("\n");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(previous).expect("restore current dir");
+
+        // then: the prompt renders a generic model family identity
+        assert!(prompt.contains("Model family: an AI assistant"));
+        assert!(!prompt.contains("Model family: Claude Opus 4.6"));
+
+        fs::remove_dir_all(root).expect("cleanup temp workspace");
+    }
+
     #[derive(Debug)]
     struct MockSubagentApiClient {
         calls: usize,